Assignment of The African Literature : A Grain of Wheat as Anti colonial Novel

Assignment of The African Literature : A  Grain of Wheat as Anti colonial Novel

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Paper : 14 : The African Literature 
Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.
Roll No : 16
Assignment  Topic :  A  Grain of Wheat as Anti colonial Novel
M.A (English) : Semester  -4
Enrolment No: 2069108420180016
Batch : 2017-19
Email  ID: jyotibagohil96@gmail.com
Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University.

● A Grain of wheat as Anti-Colonial Novel :

● Introduction :

A Grain of Wheat is a novel written  by Kenyan novelist Ngũgĩ wa Thiongo. It is about the  Kenyan people’s fight for independence fromBritish rule. The novel is historically connected in the novel village of Thabai symbolizes as Kenyan society. It is depicted as a community. Their inhabitants are astonished by the discovery of a betrayer of the Mau Mau movement on the eve of independence.  The novel is highly based on the fight against the colonial rule for freedom.

● A Grain of wheat as Anti-Colonial Novel :

The novel can be considered as Anti- colonial novel. Anti colonial means a political struggles of the colonised people against the specific ideology and practice of the colonialism. In this narrating former of opposition became and articulate as a resistance at many ways like political , cultural and economical freedom against colonial power.

   So thus,  In the novel the central narrative is the freedom against colonial power. The beginning of the novel the movement happens against Independence. It highly detected the struggle of the Kenya people from colonial Rule.

“A Grain of wheat” chronicles the events leading up to Kenyan independence, or Uruhu, in a Kenyan village.”

In The novel  focus on the number of characters experiences during the kenyan independence  or Uruhu. Movement . Mugo is one of the central character of the novel. He feels detached from the world around him and he is fearful of the attention given to him by the townspeople. Mugo is  connected  with the woman in the hut is a central element in the story. They both are connected by their common loneliness. Mugo has no one and he cannot bring himself to participate in the community. The old woman has lost her son  and she never talks to anyone. She lives isolated life far away from the world. She suffered in sequestered by loss and trauma. Mugo consider as a freedom fighter of Kenya. Everyone wants that Mugo express his point of view about this movement. He is very respected person of the Kenya. Later on Mugo felt guilt and ultimately confesses his crime  that he has  betrayed Kihika. So the whole novel shows the darker image of the African nation that how people and woman were get tortured by someone and how rivalry takes place into the unwanted relationships.  The novel A grain of wheat is the national anti - colonial struggle against British rule.

Mau- Mau movement  has the historical background in the history of Africa. It consider as Anti – colonial resistance movement against British rule.  It also targeted to rebuild the Kenyan identity. But it’s fails in the history of colonisers. Thus , Ngugi wa Thiong ‘o decided to wrote the novel in which she rejects the claim of colonisers that Mau- Mau movement was purely evil moment. It regarded this movement as the National movement. The movement for liberates the colonised Kenya from British rule.

It detected in the novel as a heroic revolution against the colonial oppression. In the novel writer shows the historical connection of Mau -Mau movement. It consider as the commitment of Kenya ‘s people for economically , politically and culturally struggle . There are many central narrator of the story like Gikonyo, Karenja, Mugo, Mumbi and Thompson. It is all about the independence and Uhuru means freedom of Kenya. Uhuru demands the unity among the people.  In the novel Ngugi influenced by the Mau -Mau movement. It shows that it is a legal movement against oppression and subjugation of colonial power. In the novel shows the struggle between colonisers and colonised people.  In the novel Kihika consider as a voice of freedom and white Britisher Thompson is against him.In the novel Mau- Mau fighter are compared with the prometheus Greek God of fire. He stole the fire from the God. He helped humanity and lightened the way of the liberation.

“The Whiteman came to the country, clutching the book of God in both hands, a magic witness that the Whiteman was a messenger from the Lord. His tongue was coated with sugar; his humility was touching. For a time, people ignored the voice of the Gikuyu seer who once said: there shall come a people with clothes like the butterflies. They gave him, the stranger with a scalded skin, a place to erect a temporary shelter. Hut complete, the stranger put up another building yards away. This he called the House of God where people could go for worship and sacrifice.”

These lines shows the reality of Christians and Christianity. It highlights upon the Christian missionaries as unholy religion. The Christian missionaries are like an instrument for establishment and expansion of oppressive colonial rule. Kihika is educated person. He educated in Euro- Christian missionaries though he stands against the Christians. He depicted as the more powerful symbol of the resistance against British oppression . He presents as a thorn in the throat of colonisers. Who stands against Mau-Mau movement.. (Miller)

“I die for you, you die for me, we become a sacrifice for one another. So I can say that you, Karanja, are Christ. I am Christ. Everybody who takes the Oath of Unity to change things in Kenya is Christ.”

Christianity is interwoven throughout the novel..Kihika is Christian and uses the language of that religion here to stress sacrifice and shedding of blood leads to redemption for all. Mugo also thinks in terms of Christianity and  believing himself to be a saviour of the people. The Reverend at Uhuru uses prayer to God as a centerpiece. While the religion offers hope and a useful framework for conceiving of struggle and salvation of Christianity is a European import. It was one of the tools by which Europeans solidified their grasp on African soil. this makes for a complex and occasionally problematic situation. In a way this movement is a rebellious movement of freedom. The freedom fighters are degraded and defamed as criminal and terrorist.Ngugi shows the treatment given by colonisers to Kenyan prisoners. In this novel kihika defend against the terrorist strategy of Mau – Mau movement.

This likes are spoken by Kihika. It interpreted by Ngugi and makes the comparison between two types of violence the first is for control the subaltern group and the other one is for carried out by colonisers on the name of social justice. So all the characters like Kihika, ,  Gikonyo, Karenja, Mugo, Mumbi are suffering from the colonial violence. They all are victim of colonial violence and oppression.  Kihika was standing against the British people. He does all this things in order to justified this movement as a political resistance movement.

At the end of the novel all the people of Kenya young , old , children , men and women participating in the movement of resisitance against British rule. They sing a song which consider as the end of imperial rule and voice of Kenyan people against of colonial exploitation. The song itself becomes the remembrance of fighting time of colonial oppression.

 

  “We shall never rest

Without land

Without freedom true

Kenya is a country of black people”

Uhuru means a profound break with the colonial past and a rebirth which has to bring about the restitution of the lands usurped by the white settlers and the eradication of poverty. People tries to struggle for their own Uhuru and it is the main and central idea of this novel. So it can be taken in consideration as per one of main themes of this novel.Something went wrong...It was not what I had waited for, these many years.

At The end of the novel there is  unsettling and  mixed in its message. That happens because  may be the reconciliation of Gikonyo and Mumbi or  the departure of Thompson. The confession of Mugo that he has done crime. but here Wambui indicates that  there is also something wrong happened apart from this. Things are not turn out as they had hoped. There is something confusing. Something that alludes to a future of uncertainty and conflict and suffering.Ngugi was writing this novel many decades after Uhuru and was making a comment on how post-independence Kenya had many tumultuous political, economical and social issues. It has the legacy of colonialism and the presence of capitalism would not be easy to negotiate. The words are sad for the reader. Since we came know that she is right to feel uneasy and disappointed.

● Conclusion :

Thus,  the novel consider as a Anti-colonial novel. It depicts the struggles of Kenya for getting freedom means Uhuru. It shows the struggle for getting freedom and getting the new identity for Kenya. In the novel shows the freedom movements like Mau-Mau movement. The People of Kenya are fighting for their freedom of land , identity and independence from the British rule.

Works Cited

Miller, Rebecca. "Capitalistic Christians and Educated Eiltes.Fanonian Theory and Neo-Colonialism in Ngugi Wa Thing,o,s A Grain of Wheat."

Assignment of The New Literature : Themes in One Night at the call center

Assignment of The New Literature :Themes in ,

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Paper : 13:  The New Literature

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 16

Assignment  Topic :  Themes in One Night at the call center 

M.A (English) : Semester  -4

Enrolment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID: jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University.

Themes in One Night at the call center:

● Introduction :

One night at the call center is novel written by Chetan Bhagat. He is the most popular writer in India. He wrote the novel about the problems of Youth. Youth is at the center in his all the novels. This can be seen as a reason behind his popularity among the youth.

His Works:

1. Five point some one
2.  The 3 mistakes of my life
3.  2 states
4.  One Night @ the Call Center
5.  Revolution 2020
6.  What young India Wants
7.  Half girlfriend

One Night at The Call Center is a novel  which focuses on  the lives of six call center employees working for Connections a call center located in the Gurgaon. In the beginning of the story the readers are presented with a frame story describing a train journey during which the author meets a girl who desires to tell him a story. However she put  one condition that he had to write a book on it if he wanted to hear the story. This condition stated that he had to base his second book on the story.

                     The novel talks about how the employees receive a phone call from God during their work timings in the call center. The characters in this novel  Radhika, Esha, Shyam, Priyanka, Varun, and Military Uncle. These six characters are deeply disturbed in the events taking place in their own lives and choose to focus on their problems rather than trying to find a way out of them.

                      In this book, chetan Bhagat trying to throw the light on the lives of the individuals in present day India.who are consist in the metro cities. The language utilized by the author is simple and contains witty remarks on civil culture and relationships. The author makes use of words that are combine with that region in the country thereby increasing the readability of this book.

Major Themes in One Night at the call center:

1) God’s Call :

                     

The call from  God is one of the major theme  in the novel. In this novel writer has presented God as a friendly figure rather than a boss. God is presented in a modern way and shown as freely figure  rather than the stereo‐typical pure English or the Latin that one commonly encounter.

The call from the God can be considered as plot mover.In the novel each characters  frustrated  from their personal problems. when they are in difficult situation they get phone call from God. When they all go outside from call center at the night go get fresh air.  After that when  they are coming back to the call center at that time their car Qualis crashes into a construction site hanging over a mesh of iron construction road.

 They are unable to phone call for anyone because there is no mobile network at that place. At that time suddenly  shyam’s mobile phone starts up ringing. All are Surprised at that time because  The phone call is from God. God talks with everyone and listen their problems and gives them suggestions to improve in their life. The conversation with God motivates all  the characters to such an extent that they get ready to face their problems with almost determination and motivation. The story takes a dramatic and critical turn through a deux ex machina when the characters receive a phone call from God.

2) Deux ex machina :

                                    

Deux ex machina is claque from Greek meaning “God from the machina”

It  is the term which has evolved to mean a plot device whereby a seemingly unsolvable problem is suddenly and all of sudden resolved by the contrived and unexpected intervention of some new subject, ability, characters and event . It can be intended to move the story forward when the writer has “painted himself into a corner” and sees no other way out to surprise the audience.

Chetan Bhagat also use God as plot mover. It can be considered as plot resolveance.  Deus Ex Machina is used in this novel by Chetan Bhagat when all characters met an accident and no any source are there to save their lives. So at that time God’s phone call become the plot mover.  The call from the God changed the life of all six people. The  God call save them with many messages for life. After that they all restart their lives from God's advice of living life happily and They all tried a lot of solve their problems from their lives. So the happy ending is here from God’s call. Chetan Bhagat used call of God when  characters are in trouble situation at that time he uses a call from God to resolve a plot.

3) Nationalism :

“Nationalism involves national identity, by contrast with the related construct of patriotism, which involves the social conditioning and personal behaviours that support a state’s decisions and actions”(Nationalism)

One night at the call center is also about Nationalism. The character of Vroom is Anti – American. He always criticise Americans. In the Novel Vroom insulted by Americans. He is anti -American. He says ,

“Americans suck the life blood out of our country’s most productive generation”

There is motif behind to  give jobs to Young people because Young people Waste their life to give information or solve the problems of Americans. It destroying the future of Individual. 

‘‘That I should not have taken up a job just for money. Call centers pay

more, but only because the exchange rate is in the favor of Americans. They

toss their loose change at us. It seems like a lot in rupees. But jobs that pay

less could be better. There could be jobs that define me, make me learn of

help my country. I justified it by saying money is progress. But it is not true.

Progress is building something lasting for the future.”

This lines spoken by Vroom during the conversation with God. He says that he wants to help country. He has not join call center for money. For him,  Progress is not all about money but it’s like building which is lasting for the future.

“A  thirty-five-year-old

American’s brain and IQ is the same as a ten-years-old Indian  brain.”

Vroom said this lines about Americans. They invented new things but many of are not able to know how to use that things. They need the help of Indians. In India this all inventions are not coming in use though they able to guide Americans. So from that Vroom says that thirty five year old American IQ is same as ten year old child in India. India is smarter in compare to America.

4) Globalization :

“Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information technology” (Globalization)

The effect of Globalization  also describe in the novel through  the struggle of each  character‘s life. The Globalization is an  economical movement. The title of the novel itself tells about the effect of globalization in call center. Thee Novel is based on the working people in Call Centre.

In the call center every workers name are changed Varun Malhotra called as Victor  , Shayam Mehra as Sam Mercy , Radhika as Ragima Jones, Esha Singh as Eliza.  These people have to change their names for American.

Through this  Bhagat wants to give message to the Indians that who working in call center they just get good salary but it not give the  opportunity to do something else or show  their skills and creativity into their work.  In the novel due to slack in software industry the call center wanted to cut down the number of employees. Its effects on the people who are working in the call center it brings all the people under burden. literally this novel  talks about the anxieties, fears, and stress of call center employees. So in the novel shows the positive and negative effects of Globalization on people’s life.

5) Modernization :

The Novel deals with the issues of young people. It is  including questions about career, inadequacy, marriage, family conflicts in a changing India. It talks about the  relationship of the young Indian middle class to both executive and ordinary clients whom they serve in the US.

In this novel chetan Bhagat’s main aim is to convey a message to the people of India through situation of the characters like the the situation of women in India. Esha  wants to become a model for that she forced to slept with forty years old designer and it represents the dark side of the India.The situation of working girl Radhika who always struggle for her identity. She is trying to justify her duty. She is faithful wife but later on betrayed by her husband who has affair with another girl. Also she is struggling with her Mother In law who never understands her. It shows the situation of Married working girl.

   In the novel Chetan Bhagat portrayed young people who drinks and smoke when they felt anxiety, suffering in their life. In the novel Chetan portrayed Women freely drinks wines and roaming outside at the night.

6) Marriage and Love :

 Marriage and love are important theme of the novel. The novel is all about young people and their sufferings. Like this Marriage and love plays vital role in changing the relationship of the character. The idea of marriage is highly criticised through the charter of Radhika. She faces many struggle in her marriage life . She manages everything her marriage life and professional life but somehow she fails into keep balance between this. Her husband has affair with another girl. It show the condition of married women struggling for her identify and love.

Chetan Bhagat portrayed the real situation of Young people. He shows the complexity in the relationship of Shyam and Priyanka and Vroom and Esha. He shows the break up of the relationship of young people. It shows the lack of understanding in the relationship which becomes the reason of broken relationship. Military uncle also loves his grandson but somehow the lack of understanding happens between Military uncle and his Son.

Conclusion :

Thus novel shows the different themes . It  shows the  different problems of the youth and gives the ideas  their solutions. Here Chetan Bhagat shows the reality of India. It shows the current problems of youth and Nation.  Through the characters it shows the problems in the relationship , Globalisation and it’s effect on the Nation , Condition of women in India. So it highlights the problems and trying to give the solution at the end of the novel.

Works Cited

http://parmarjinal161315.blogspot.com/2015/03/one-night-call-center.html?m=1

Assignment of Mass Media and Communication : Mass Media and its importance

Assignment of Mass  Media and Communication :  Mass Media and its importance

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Paper : 15 :   Mass Media and Communication

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 16

Assignment  Topic :  Mass Media and its importance

M.A (English) : Semester  -4

Enrolment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID: jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University.

● Mass Media and its importance :

                              

Introduction –

Mass Media means the technology that is intended to reach Mass audience. It is the primary goal is  communication used to reach the vast majority of the general public. There are many common platforms for mass media. They  are newspapers, magazines, radio, television and Internet. Mass Media plays a vital role in development of society. It helps to speared awareness among the people. Media consider as watch dog. So like this it’s main aim is to show the reality and facts about the situation and people. It helps people to stop doing wrong things. It spreading awareness and acceptance of truth among the people. Society can be changed with the help of media.

● There are three types of Mass Media :

1) Print Media

2) Electronic Media

3) New age media

●  The most common mass media platforms are :

1.Newspaper

2.Magazines

3.Radio

4.Television

5. Internet.

1) Newspapers :

                                                              

 Newspapers are part of  print media. It is the most important media which famous among the large group of mass. The newspapers  are meant to inform the general public about recent events and  especially the public affairs. Besides local, national and  international news the newspapers often carry sports and entertainment activities also. It also focus on the  opinion columns and advertising. They are also important not only for  educating people but it is also a form of media where news are spread.

The importance of the newspaper :

● Newspaper plays vital role in shaping the thoughts of people.

● It also  provide the information. A newspaper contains a lot of information that people can read. thus it gives the more knowledge to people.

● Newspapers also play a vital role to educate people. So People who read the newspapers get to gain some form of education about matters around the world.

● Newspaper also offers some form of entertainment. Like There are pages or sections of newspapers that are set for to  entertain the readers.

●The publication of newspapers also helps to create jobs for people. These people are employed in the newspaper print houses and the newspaper vendors.

 ●Newspaper helps  into  improve the levels of literacy. They can be used to help students by giving the vocabularies and because of it students are  able to write and read better.

2) Magazines :

                                      

During the 19th century, magazines were the predominant national medium. Magazines are a kind of periodical which comes with the newspaper daily, weekly, biweekly ,monthly, bimonthly, quarterly, or even annually.

● Importance of Magazines :

● To Inform :

Like most other media the  magazine are made to seek to inform, persuade and entertain their audiences. It puts  advertising messages of national, regional ,state and city scope. Magazines never appear more frequently than once a week. It  often have more time to dig into issues and situations than do those on daily newspapers. They have a better opportunity to bring events into focus and interpret it’s meaning.

●  Medium of Some Serious Treatments :

Magazines are in many ways the ideal medium for serious treatment of the major issues of people’s  daily life. However the industry  of Magazine feels squeezed by soaring costs. The magazine still have certain luxuries. It more lead time and perspective than the daily press. It is  more permanence than broadcasting and more immediacy and wider readership than most books. It is no accident that long take out on major subjects in the daily press are called magazine pieces. It is no accident that some broadcasters describe some public affairs programmes as magazines of the air.

● Magazines as Channel of Communication:

Magazines are a channel of communication  between the newspapers and books. Unlike newspapers or books however there are many of the most influential magazines are difficult and  impossible to purchase. With their colour printing and ns. With television providing a heavy quotient of entertainment for the home, many magazines discovered a strong demand for notification articles, their almost exclusive content. The magazines have the wide range of things like entertainment , general knowledge , real life experience, Nature , science and literature, news.

3) Radio :

                                         

“Radio is far more interactive and stimulating medium than TV where the viewer is spoon-fed. Radio allows you to think, to use your imagination. That is why nobody ever called it the idiot box”.

Radio plays very vital role in communication. Radio allows the people to think and imagine. It makes imagination powerful. The first show of Radio was Akhashwani. Radio is not helpful only in informing the people but it  also helpful  in creating understanding about many social issues and need for social improvement and change by  developing interest.

In India  radio with its access to the rural areas is becoming a powerful medium for advertisers. Radio plays very vital role in the communication and giving information. Radio nowadays use for listening the songs and entertainment. Nowadays Radio takes another direction it used for problem solving of people.

4) Television :

                                     

Television also plays vital role in communication. So Among all the mass media today t Television attracts the largest number of viewers. It attracts the audience in greater in size than any of the other media audience. This is because television is able to focus on audience of all age groups no matter  whether literate or illiterate. Television has been used for education and give information purposes than for entertainment. It has no doubt about the fact that the technology has given us a main tool in television. It is very powerful mass communication medium. The Indian model of television programmes are unique as it is expected to pass on the culture from one generation to another.

                                              

The first  Television channel  was Doordarshan. It consider as Dukhdarshan because people have to wait for broadcasting the channel. In this channel shows the serials of Ramayana and Mahabharata which based on Hindu epic Ramayana and Mahabharata. It was most  popular serials at those time. Nowadays there are many channels in television about different things like entertainment, knowledge , adventure , cooking , news channels. So   Today Door Darshan  is challenging with all cable TV networks in meeting the entertainment needs of the people. Television in India. So Through its programme presents pictures and view of India’s rich culture. They represent various religion and cultural language and activities of people, belonging to different parts of India and so it reflects the Indian Society. It is more effective than radio because it gives visual effects which is more effective than radio.

5) Internet :

                                       

Nowadays the internet has revolutionized global mass communication. It might sound weird to define something so commonplace nowadays  but it's worth explaining that the internet is the simply a network of computers which allows for data or information to  exchange around the world. The Internet helps in spreading the news fastly.  It provides all the information handed and it’s easy to excess at anytime and anywhere in the world. But apart from this there are some disadvantages using Internet people are suffering from privacy issues , Internet addiction, unreliability of information,  trolling and fake news.

6) Cinema :

Cinema is mostly for entertainment. The First film was  Alam ara. It was silent film. At  that time silent and black and white films were realised. Later on it turns into talking and colourful films. There are many changes happened in cinema. At those time women were not allowed in film. But now time is changed women can be a part of film. At those time people not giving much importance to those people who were working in the film. Now it is not like that at some point. Actors and Actress are highly praised by people. In this development of cinema materialistic growth and  mental growth also can be seen.

● Importance 0f Mass media :

●Information:

Information is the main and important function of mass media. Information is power of knowledge so  it can be objective, primary, subjective and secondary. Media disseminates information mostly through news broadcast on radio and TV as well as newspaper or magazines. It is mostly for the  information purpose.

•Education:

Media gives the  education and information hand in hand.  It provides education in different subjects to people of all levels. It  trying  to educate people directly using different forms of content. Like  Dramas, documentaries, interviews of the expertise people  and many other programs are arranged for educate people directly. Mass media is used as successful tool for mass awareness.

•Entertainment:

It is consider as the primary function of mass media. Persuasion involves making influence on others mind. Mass Media gives  power to audience in varieties of ways. All people are not well known about it. Many of them become influenced or motivated unknowingly towards it.

●Surveillance:

It means to denotes observation. The function of mass media is to minutly observe the society . News about films is played at local theatre ,  stock market prices and  new products, fashion ideas are example of instrumental surveillance.

The mass media is  not give only facts and data but it  also explains and interpret every events and  situations. Like  News analysis, editorials are some examples of interpretative contents. Such types of interpretative contents are prepared by those journalists who have knowledge of background information and strong ability.

●Socialization

Media is the reflection of the society. It focus on the things happening around the society. It gives the information about the things which happening in around the world. It focus on the life of people. By this it trying to change the perspective of the society. Media plays very vital role into change the thoughts of people.

● Conclusion :

 Mass media plays very vital role in the society. It helps people to get the information very Faster. It gives the wide range of information and knowledge. Media is like watch dogs who spread the right information but it’s not happening nowadays because it becomes a puppet of power. It never speak one word against power it becomes pro- power rather than anti-Power. Media plays very vital role in development of the nation.


Works Cited :

"Meaning and importance of Mass Media."
Class Notes
Research on Marketing, Advertisements and Public Relations.n.d.

Feature Writing

Feature Writing : IPL Cricket as Marketing Tool

Nowadays Cricket becomes a part of Marketing and advertising tool. People watching cricket not for entertainment or part of their interest but they watch to earning money from it. IPL becomes a display of weath and fashion. It becomes a way of doing marketing and branding sport of India. It is like a business which has a larger economical scale. It is running by different business , organisations or entrepreneurs. It is run by various corporate houses or bollywood celebrities. The management of team become part in auction. They bid for their desired cricketers. So by this they tried to make their team stronger. So IPL become a cocktail of many things like Business  ,Bollywood, Sports.

 It is a perfect example of controversial marketing.  In the IPL cricket properties like gloves , bat , ball , clothes are using for promoting the business. Here clothes are using for marketing purposes.  It has a strategies of marketing by doing world wide telecast , locations and watching timings. Location is part of marketing by choosing location it helping in attracted people to that places. Similar way timing has its own part in marketing by choosing evening time for matches which people can enjoy the match. As part of marketing film starts,  Models and bollywood stars use for anchoring and promotions of the teams.