Assignment of Literary Theory and Criticism : I.A .Richards Figurative language

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Paper : 7 : Literary Theory and Criticism 

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 15

Assignment  : I. A Richards Figurative language. 

M.A (English) : Sem -2 

Enrollment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID: jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University.

●》 I.A. Richards Figurative language : 

● Introduction: 

I.A .Richards was a  poet, dramatist, speculative  philosopher, psychologist is among the first of the 20th century critics to bring to English criticism a pscientific precision and objectivity. He is often referred to as the ‘critical consciousness’ of the modern age.He is a pioneer of New criticism.  New Criticism and the whole of modern poetics derive their strength and inspiration from the seminal writings of Richards such as Principles of Literary Criticism, Practical Criticism, Coleridge on Imagination, The Foundation of Aesthetics and The Meaning of Meaning .

His path Breaking Works are : 

1) The meaning of meaning : 1923 

2) The principles of Literary Criticism : 1924 

3) The practical Criticism : 1929 

● Practical Criticism : 

Practical Criticism is like formal studies of English Literature. It began into 1920 with a series of experiments by the Cambridge Critic I.A.Richards. He gave poems to his students without any information about who wrote them , when they were written and what is the title of the poem .

In the practical criticism of 1929. He reported on and analysed the result of his experiments. The main objective of his work was to encourage students to concentrate on the words on the page rather than dependent on the preconceived or received belief about the text. It is for  responding to all the currents of emotion and meaning in the poems and passages of prose which they read the students were to achieve what Richards called an organised response. This meant that they would clarify the various currents of thought in the poem and achieve a corresponding clarification of their own emotions.

1) Four kinds of Meaning 

2) Two uses of Language 

3) Figurative language 

●  1) Four kinds of Meaning : 

Practical Criticism is first focus on The Meaning of Meaning and The Philosophy of Rhetoric. Richards advocates a close textual and verbal analysis of poetry. In this language is important Language is made up of words and the study of words is of the paramount importance in the understanding of a work of art. According to Richards the words communicate four kinds of meaning : Sense, Feeling, Tone and Intention. So the Poetry communicates through the interplay of these four types of meanings.The metaphorical meaning arises from the inter-relations.

1) sense : Sense is that which is communicated by the plain literal meanings of the words.

2) Feeling : Feeling refers to the feelings of the writer or speaker about these items, about the state of affairs he is referring to.Feeling refers to emotions. Emotional attitude, will, attitude, desire, pleasure, displeasure.

“The sound of a word has much to do with the feeling it evokes.”

He has an attitude towards it some special interest, some personal flavour or colouring of it  and he uses language to express these feelings. In poetry the sense and feeling have a mutual dependence. So In the poetry sense and feeling both have matual connection.

3) Tone : 

Tone means the attitude of the writer towards his readers. The writer or the speaker chooses and arranges the words differently as his audience depending on his relation to them.

4) Intention : 

Intention refers to the effect one tries to produce, which modifies one’s expression. It controls the emphasis and shapes the arrangement. So understanding of all these aspects is the part of meaning of poetry. 

Generally sense predominates in the scientific language and feeling in the poetic language. The figurative language used by poets conveys emotions effectively and forcefully. Words also acquire a rich associative value in different contexts. The meaning of words is also determined by rhythm and metre. 

● Two uses of Language : 

Richards in his “Principles of Literary Criticism” expounded a theory of language, and distinguished between the two uses of language:  

1) Scientific 

2)  emotive 

1) Scientific use of language : 

In the scientific statement may be used for the sake of reference, which may be verified as true or false.  This is the scientific use of language. But it may also be used for the sake of the effects in emotions and attitudes produced by the reference.

2) Emotive Use of language : 

In  the emotive or poetic use of language. The poet uses words emotively for the purpose of evoking emotions and attitudes considered valuable by him. For example the word ‘fire’ has only one definite scientific reference to a fact in the real world. But when poetry uses it in a phrase such as ‘heart on fire’ the word evokes an emotion that of excitement. 

So the science makes statements and the  poetry makes pseudo-statements that cannot be empirically tested and proved true or false. Poetry communicates feelings and emotions. poetic truth is different from scientific truth. It is a matter of emotional belief rather than intellectual belief. Poetry not give us knowledge. Poetry is not speaks to mind but it comes from inner voice or impulses. So poetry is on the experiences of poet.

●  Three objectives to write The Practical Criticism:

1.)To introduce a new kind of documentation to those who are interested in the contemporary state of culture as critics, philosophers, as teachers, as psychologists or merely as curious persons.

2 )To provide new technique for those who wish to discover for themselves what they think and feel about poetry and why they should like or dislike it.

3.)  To prepare the way for educational methods more efficient than those we use now in developing discrimination and the power to understand what we hear and read.

● Four misunderstanding of language : 

1. Misunderstanding of the sense of poetry: Careless, intuitive reading (rhyme or irregular syntax).

2. Over-literal reading – prosaic reading.

3. Defective scholarship.

4. Difference in meaning of words in poetry and prose.

So during the read text or poem  reader may fail to understand the sense of the poet because he is ignorant of poet’s sense. The more serious cause of misunderstanding is the failure to realise that the poetic use of words is different from an assumption about  the language that can be fatal to poetry. So the Literary is one serious obstacle in the way of a right understanding of the poetic words.so it creates the misunderstanding in the poetry.

● Mixed use of Metaphors : 

“A metaphor is a shift, a carrying over of a word from its normal use to a new use”.

1.Sense Metaphors

2. Emotive Metaphors

1) Sense Metaphors : 

In the  Sense Metaphor the shift is due to a similarity between the original object and the new one. 

2) Emotive Metaphors : 

In the Emotive metaphor the shift is due to a similarity between the feelings the new situation and the normal situation arouse.

● 3)  Figurative language : 

• Smilies : 

Similes occur in both poetry and prose and they may be short and simple or long and extended. They provide an important indication of an author or speaker’s Tone and  that is implied attitude towards the subject. As with a Metaphors it the means is to use a comparison that reflects some key quality of the literal subject.

The use of figurative language can create problems. It is difficult to turn poetry into logical respectable prose. So in the figurative language use for enjoyment and understanding of the best poetry. It  requires a sensitiveness and discrimination with words, a nicely, imaginativeness and deftness in taking their sense which will prevent the poem in question in its original form receiving the approval of the most attentive readers.

Example :       

                      Solemn and grey...

“Solemn and gray, the immense  clouds of even

Pass on their towering unperturbed way

Through the vast whitness of the rain-swept heaven.

The moving pageants of the waming day.

Heavy with dreams, desires, prognostications.

Brooding with sullen and Titanic crests.

They surge, whose mantles’ wise imaginations.

Trail where Earth’s mute and langurous body rests.

While below the Hawthrons smile, like milk splashed down.

From Noop’s blue pitcher over mead and hill

The arrased distance is so dim with flowers.

It seems itself some coloured cloud made still.

O how the clouds this dying daylight crown.

With the tremendous triumph of fall towers.”

Analysis of poem :

   In this poem poet uses many Figurative language. Many things are happens in this poetry and that can't be happen in reality for example : 

• A cloud cannot have ‘desires.’

• A mantle cannot have ‘imaginations.’

• ‘Imaginations’ cannot ‘trail.'

• ‘Milk’ does not ‘smile.’

• ‘Dim with flowers’ is rather weak, for flowers are bright thing

•‘Tall towers’ do not ‘triumph’ so far as I know, As how I never saw one doing it! Might be an interesting sight!.’

        So there are many things that shows the use of Figurative language in the poetry. The poetic figures creates the problem or misunderstanding during the reading of poem.it is also enhance the charm of poetry but many time it difficult to understand poem.

Conclusion :    

So  in the last in  a very simple words and language describe figurative language.we can say that it is based on the  close study of the words. It can be read as only text without any background, history, writer, but just as an individual text by  interpret in our own understanding. It can also  lead a reader to misunderstanding too but even it can never be wrong because not a single thing, single interpretation in poetry can be wrong because every poetry has numbers of interpretations because a work of art has numbers of interpretations. Interpretations are based on mind, mentality, background, brought up, and society of reader. It may be leads reader to misreading of poetry but then even can be original. It is not just only based on the assumptions but it is also  based on words, emotions, intention and scientific methods. 

Work sited :

• http://dilipbarad.blogspot.in/2014/12/ia-richards-figurative-language.html?m=1
• https://www.english.cam.ac.uk/classroom/pracrit.htm
• http://pritibagohil1416.blogspot.in/2015/02/iarichards-view-on-language-of-poetry.html?m=1

Assignment of Cultural Studies: Cultural studies in practice : Frankenstein

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Paper : 8 : Cultural studies 

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 15

Assignment  Topic :  Cultural studies in practice : Frankenstein 

M.A (English) : Sem -2 

Enrollment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID: jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University.

● Cultural studies in practice : Frankenstein 

Introduction : 

● Cultural Studies :

 Cultural studies is an innovative interdisciplinary field of reaserch and teaching about the things and investigates the ways in which culture is creates and transforms the individual experiences , Everyday life , power and social relations. In this field is based upon teaching and reaserch and explore the Realtionship between Culture understood as human expressive and symbolic activities and culture understood as distinctive way of the life. 

● Frankenstein : 

          Frankenstein is the Novel Written by Mary shelley. It is about science. Victor wants to create a life in dead one and he do that thing. He wants to challenge the God and his way of Creation and power. In this novel we can see many mythical aspect connected with it. Like Narcissus,  Prometheus and Paradise Lost. It is about the power of youth that the power do anything so anyone has not underestimate this youth power. In this novel we see the Monstrosity and Humanity. Monster is look like Monster but he has the quality of humanity. He cares everyone around him but in Victor. We see the Monstrosity that he creates Monster for proving himself powerful. After creating Monster he left. He has lack of humanity because he can't care Monster. He left him. He thinks that he was like new born baby  could not live without food , shelter and care. So he was also like baby that he can't live without it. 

      Victor has lust to become powerful. He has also hunger of knowledge and create life through that knowledge. It become challenging to God. So shelley wants to show the power of Men and from ugliness of Monster. It shows ugliness of Victor 's thought. So from cultural studies perspective this Novel shows that : 

" A message on the Irony and Danger in Quest for power . " 

The creation was made of human parts. When we see the historical context of that Era. At that time connected with allegory of Industrial revolution. Electricity was another scientific discovery of the time. The creature saw characteristics of himself. Adam and Satan both. Victor can be seen as the God who creates Adam and Eve and Satan. In the Milton Paradise Lost is connected with Frankenstein. God seen as Victor and Creature seen as Satan. 

● Revolutionary Birth : 

   Born like  it's day. He decided to create life and in this process he was many time warned by his professor not going aginst of God. He challenges the accepted ideas of its day and create a Monster. As it's has become famous in Modern Culture one wonders that whether it's original revolutionary spirit and it's critique of scientific, political and gender issues. Hardly a day goes by without our seeing an image or illusion to Frankenstein from CNN description of Saddem Hussein as an " American created Frankenstein "  to Magazine articles that warn of Genetically Engineering Franken foods , test tube babies and cloning.

● The Creature as Proletarian : 

      Monsters  like the Creatures are indeed Paradoxical. On the other hand they transgress against establishment. Monster survives he represents the defiance of death and an image of survival on the other hand we are reassures when we see that society can capture and destroy Monster.

     Creature 's rebellious nature is rooted far In the past. He learn to read and speak from the De Lacy 's Family. He reads three books.

        He first read " Paradise Lost ". In the Paradise Lost it is not only the eternal questions about the ways of God and Men. In Milton 's Epic poem was seen as Timothy Morton puts it as a " Seminal work of the republicanism and the sublime that inspired many Romantics." 

     Second He reads a Volume from the "Plutarch Lives " In the 19th century it was read as a " a Classic republicans text , admired in Elightment by such writers as Rousseau ."

Third He reads " Geothe 's The sorrow of Young weather. "

     So  creature 's litrary education is radical. But because of his idealistic education he become little Good. He has not able to do any change that can reform the society so it will accept him.

● Race of Devil : 

             Frankenstein may be analyzed in its portrayal of different “races”. Though the creature’s skin is only described as yellow, it has been constructed out of a cultural tradition of the threatening ‘other’ or giant, gypsy or Negro.

So in this novel Monster described as giant and Negro.Though the abolitionists wished to portray the black man or woman as brother or sister, they also created an image of the African as a childlike, suffering and degraded being. To turn him into slave . loose in the manhood of his physical strength, in the maturity of his physical passion but in the infancy of his uninstructed reason. According to Gayatri Chakravorty spivak this novel is as a criticism of racism.labors are not educated people and this concept we can see in the Franken novel.

● From Natural Philosophy to Cyborg : 

 Frankenstein novel is based on science and technology. It is also connect with today's time.  Today in the age of genetic engineering, biotechnology and cloning, the most far-reaching industrialization of life forms to date. Frankenstein is more relevant than ever.During the Romantic Period development of science increasing critical to the society. In this novel Mary shelley shows the demonstration on the public of the effect of electricity on animal and human bodies and living and dead.  Today we are constantly confronted with the new development of science and new philosophical conundrums that result from the genetic engineering, cloning and the prolongation of life by the artifical means. 

● Frankenpheme in Popular culture : 

      Frankenpheme is the term used by Timothy Morton. It drawn from phonemes and graphemes.  Phonemes means the sonic elements of language as used in the structural linguistics and Graphemes means visual elements. So the elements of culture that are drived from Frankenstein. Frankenphemes are appeared in popular fiction , drama , film and television. 

● Fiction :  

Frankenstein is a famous novel which is based on the science and Fiction.Peter Haining, editor of the indispensable Frankenstein omnibus has called Frankenstein “the single greatest horror story novel ever written and the most widely influential in its genre”.  The French author Villiers de L'Isle wrote " The future Eve ". It is first story about the female Monster in 188. Novelette not translated into English until fifty years later, in which an American inventor modes on Thomas Edison makes an artificial woman for his friend. Jack London’s early story, “A thousand Deaths” (189), is a gruesome science fiction tale of a scientist who stays at sea on his laboratory ship, repeatedly killing then reviving his son, until the son has enough and kills his father. Frankenstein also inspired the set of the tales published in Home Brew Magazine  it also called as " The Reanimator ".

● Frankenstein on the stage : 

From his debut on the stage, the creature has generally been made more horrified and victor has been assigned less blame. Most stage and screen versions are quite melodramatic, tending to eliminate minor characters and the entire frame structure in order to focus upon murder and Mayhem. Dramatist would not want to try for all of the complexities of the novel. In stage versions only a few key scenes, the creation of the creature, Bridal night and the destruction of the creature are used. So in the stage there are limitation in performing the things. There are limited scens which are shown many times on the stages.

     The Fate of Frenenstein was by Richards Brinsley. It was performed at the English Opera house in the London in 1823 in the summer time. Mary shelley also herself attended the play and told it authentic. 

      In the modern times Frankenstein divided into many parts. Frankenstein and his Bride was performed in 1950 at a club called as a Strip City in Los Angeles. In this play also includes many songs like " Oh , what a beautiful Mourning" and " Ghoul of My Dreams ".

● Film Adaptation : 

Frankenstein is the most famous novel and also it is most relevant in the time. It is also seen as a form of film. It has many new version and view point. 

 In the “Frankenstein omnibus” readers can study the screenplay for the 1931 James whale film “Frankenstein” the most famous of all adaptations. Frankenstein was loosely based on the novel with the addition of new elements, including the placing of a criminal brain into the monster’s body. 

          Thomas Edison in 1910  a one  however produced the first film version of “Frankenstein” reel tinted silent. Early German films that were heavily influenced by this “Frankenstein” were the cabinet of Dr.Caligari in 1920  The golem In 1920  and Metropolis in 1927. In whale’s “Bride of Frankenstein” (1935) there is a return to the frame structure but this time we begin with Mary Shelley discussing her novel with P.B.Shelley. She is played by Elsa Lanchester who also plays the female creature with her during black eyes an queen this one tends toward comedy, parody and satire rather than pure horror.

So there are many new adaption into the film and in the modern time. There are many new point of view in which based on the version of Frenenstein Novel is made.

In the Bride of Frankenstein is based on te creature. Creature is more innocent victim. So there are many version of the novel but Kennath Branagh ' s film in 1994 "Mary shelley's Frankenstein" is most true to the novel. So in this film Kenneth Brenagh trys to stick with Mary shelley 's plot. 

● Books : 

 Mary shelley 's novel Frankenstein and it's various adaptation has been going strong for almost 200 years. Numberous poems , books , stories have taken the ideas of' science gone wrong 'and twisted it to Modern parables. The subtitle of Frankenstein is Modern Prometheus. It connected with Prometheus. He gave fire to Greek Gods to human and was rewarded by having his liver plucked out his body every day by a giant bird. So the intended message is that people should not supposed to tamper with the natural order be it fire or Reanimating the dead. 

● Conclusion : 

     In the Popular Culture Frankenstein has been adapted into numerous movies , stories, theatre productions and songs. So in the popular culture took creation and adapted it to the best Modern interpretation of demonise creature. It's interesting to study with the purpose of Cultural Facts.

Work sited :

 A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature 

Assignment of Romantic Literature : Characteristics of Romantic Poetry illustrations from Wordsworth and coleridge

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Paper : 5 : The Romantic Literature 

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 15

Assignment  Topic -  characteristics of Romantic Poetry and illustrated from wordsworth and coleridge. 

M.A (English) : Sem -2 

Enrollment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID: jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University.

 ●》characteristics of Romantic Poetry and illustrated from wordsworth and coleridge. 

● Introduction : 

● Romantic Poetry : 

 The period from 1798 to 1837 called as a Romantic Age. The poetry which written during this time known as a Romantic Poetry. In this age The Romantic movement happened in 1798 in Britain. It was reaction against the classical Poetry. This movement play a vital role into make a new way of writing the poetry which were free from classical restrictions. In this movement the most important figure were Wordsworth, Coleridge,  Shelley, Byron , Keats.

● Characteristics of Romantic Poetry : 

 ● Reaction against Neo - Classicism : 

 Romantic Poetry is different from Neo Classical Poetry. In Neo classical Poetry is based on the reason and intellectual while Romantic Poetry. Which begins in 18th century. It was reaction against set standard of poetry of classical age. According to William. J.Long :

 " The Romantic movement was marked and it is always marked by a strong reaction and Protestant against the bondage of rule and custom which in science and theology as well as literature generally tend to fetter the free human spirit." 

So Romantic Poetry is come after the Romantic movement and this movement become the way of new poetry which is free from classical Poetry and it's rules and regulations later on it called as " Romantic Poetry ".

● Imagination : 

 Imagination is main and important element of Romantic Poetry. In  Classical Age there is important of Reason but in Romantic Poetry there is important of imagination. Classical writers believed in Reason but Romantics poets believe in imagination. Imagination is the main  one of the main element of Romantic Poetry.

● Back from set rules : 

Poetry of the Romantic is different and contrast with the Neo Classical Poetry. Neo Classical Poetry was based on the 18th century rules and regulations. There were well prepared line of composition poetry. So the Romantic Poetry breaks all the rules and regulations of Neo Classical Poetry. They set New rules that the poetry should free style without following rules and regulations. So Romantic Poetry believe in free style of expressing emotions without using or follow any rules and regulations.

● Nature : 

  In classical Age Poetry concerned with the clubs and coffee houses , social political life of London. So it was poetry about town life. In the Romantic Period Nature is main element of poetry. Because of Romantic Revival happened so the interst of poets was transformed from town to ruler life and from artifical decoration of rooms to the Natural beauty and loveliness of the Nature. So nature is most important element of this age. Wordsworth was a great example of Nature poet. His works were based on the physical and spiritual beauty of Nature. It shows the beauty and charm the people who could not see the beauty in wildflower, Green fields.

● Common Life : 

 Romantic poets were interested into talking about the lives of the common people like Shepherd and gay butterflies of fashion. They interested into the simple life of people and it is marked as  poetry of Romantic Age. A feeling of humanitarism coloured the poetry of Wordsworth, Coleridge and Shelley. So the Romantic Poetry was marked as a intense of human sympathy and understanding of human heart and human behaviours.

● Love of liberty and Freedom : 

Romantic Poet love library and Freedom. In the classical age the poet not get freedom in expression of their emotions. But the Romantics poets believe in Freedom and liberty. This thing also expressed through their poetry. Poetry is based on the Liberty and Freedom of individual. Romantic Poet believe in the individual freedom of expression and emotions into their poetry. So the Literary and Freedom plays vital role into publishing and writing many poems in this age.

● Predominance of Imagination and Emotions : 

  In the classical Poetry based on the Intellect and Reason. It is marked as a chief characteristics of classical Poetry but in Romantic Poetry reason is dominated by emotions , passion and imagination. So the Romantic Poets give more importance to imagination rather then reason and intellectual. So the imagination and Emotion is considered as a important characteristics of Romantic Poetry.

● Super Naturalism : 

Supernaturalism is the main and important characteristics of Romantic Poetry. There are many poetry which is based on the Supernatural elements. Supernaturalism gives the special atmosphere to the poetry and it added extra charm , mystery and wonder. Poets like Wordsworth, Coleridge and Scott gave the sense  of wondering and Mystery into poetry.

● Endless Variety : 

In the Romantic Poetry there endless form of variety. There are many types of variety sees in the Romantic Poetry. This age of poetry is full of varieties in the characters and moods of different writers.

● Simplicity in Style : 

The style of the Romantic Poetry is simple. Romantic Poets believe in the simplicity in their style. They followed the simplicity in their works. They not followed the artifical mode of the expression of classical Poetry. They have express thoughts in natural Diction and spontaneity way.

■ Wordsworth as a Romantic Poet :

Wordsworth was a major figure of the Romantic Poetry. He was considered as English Romantic Poet. He was also a Britain 's poet laureate. His poetry was a collection of all the Romantic characteristics and his treatment towards the Romantic elements. He stands as most important figure of Romantic Poet. There are many reasons that wordsworth considered as Romantic Poet. He was a pioneer of Romantic Movement. It was a reaction against a Classical Poetry. It was beginning in 19th century. It was begins with the publication of the "Lyrical Ballads ". There are many reasons for which proves Wordsworth as a Romantic Poet :

● Imagination  :  

  During Romantic Age Poet uses imagination as a tool of their poetry. They emphasise more on use of imagination rather than reality. Wordsworth also uses Imagination into his poetry. There are many works of Wordsworth with is based on the use of high imagination. Many of his poems are based on the use of imaginary. He creates the sequence of pictures through his use of imagination.

"The Rainbow come and goes,

And lovely is the Rose,

The Moon doth with delight

Look round her when the heavens are bare"

● Nature : 

Wordsworth considered as Nature poet because most of his poetry based on the Natural element. He saw Nature in both ways as healing power and teacher or Moral guardian. Nature considered as living personality into his poems. This thing reflect into his poem : " I wondered lonely as a cloud ". In this poem reflect the Nature. It has a extremely simple laguage . Through this shows the poet’s wandering and his discovery of a field of daffodils by a lake .the memory of which pleases him and also   comforts him when he is lonely, bored, or restless.He has a emotional reaction against this Natural scene and he later remember it with a great pleasure. He uses a simple laguage with can be understood by anyone. Wordsworth describe about  nature as a "never did betray the heart that loved her". So through he shows the importance of

Nature.

● Subjectivity : 

Subjectivity is the main concept of the Romantic poetry. He expresses his personal thoughts, feelings through his poems. In “Ode to  Intimation of Immortality” the poet expresses his personal feelings. Nature becomes the most important subject  to the poet. Nature was considered as  his beloved. He loved only the sensuous beauty of the  Nature. He has philosophy of nature.

● Humanism:

In the Romantic Poetry the main element is Humanism. The Romantic  Poet focus on The Nature of Man. Romantic Poet shows the love of Men rather than other things. Wordsworth also shows the Human nature in his poetry. His works based on the  simple village folk and the peasant people connected with nature. He also uses laguage which is used by simple common people. He gives importance to common people and their language.

● His poem :  I wondered  lonely as a cloud : 

        I wandered lonely as a cloud

        That floats on high o'er vales and hills,

        When all at once I saw a crowd,

        A host, of golden daffodils;

        Beside the lake, beneath the trees,

        Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.

       This poem based on Natural element. In this poem wordsworth shows the beauty of Nature by describing Daffodils. He told how he was happy to see thousands of Daffodils. He later on remember that with pleasure. He recollecting the emotions by remembered the Beauty of Daffodils. It is also shows the simplicity of language and love for Nature.

■ S.T.Coleridge as a Romantic Poet : 

 Coleridge was a famous literary critic, philosopher. He was a  friend of William Wordsworth He was a main founder of the Romantic Movement in England. He was also a member of the Lake Poets. His famous poems are The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan and also he was famous for his  prose work Biographia Literaria. He was considered as a best Romantic Poet as like Wordsworth. Here many characteristics which can be seen Coleridge  as the Romantic poet.

● Supernaturalism : 

Supernaturalism is the famous characteristic of Coleridge 's poetry. He was famous for using super natural elements in his poems. He attempts to draw the supernatural into his poetry in  a convincingly . It becomes compelled to take it for real amd natural by willingly suspending disbeliefs. This thing is created most appropriately in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. It is a good example of using Supernatural elements in poem.

● Imagination : 

 Coleridge considered as  the most imaginative mind amongst the Romantic poets. Coleridge was  good at portraying vivid imagery into his poems. He has the power to transport the audience in his magination by convincing the people  to accept no-existent things  as real. This is the remarkable quality which makes  Coleridge to incorporate convincing people for the element of mystery. For example: in his poem Kubla khan. Into this poem he describe Kubla Khan’s palace as a effective way that it  forces the reader to believe in its existence. So he has such a great imagination power which make the things real that not exist in Real world.

● Nature : 

Like all the Poet of Romantic Poetry Coleridge also have Nature as a main element of his poetry. He also think like Wordsworth that Nature as a teacher. But later on he changed his view about nature. He thinks Nature as a depends on our mood and temperament. He also think that how people  interpret nature. This view about the nature as dependent on mood is  reflected in Dejection: An Ode.

"O Lady! We receive but what we give,

And in our life alone doth Nature live

Ours is her wedding garment, ours her shroud!"

● Humanism : 

Coleridge always cared for the  humanity. His love for the humanity was revealed . When he strongly supportinf the French revolution. He supported the upheaval assuming. So it would free the masses from the oppression of the dictators.Coleridge windrowed his support as the revolutionists deviated from their  principles. Coleridge showed his  dissatisfaction through   his French: An Ode. The best example of his love for humanity is Rime of the Ancient Mariner. It is considered as a best example in which shows the elements of humanity.

● His poem : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner : 

It is major poem written by Coleridge. It is about  the experiences of a sailor who has returned from a long sea voyage after many times. The Mariner stops a man. Man  is going to a wedding ceremony. Mariner begins to narrate a story. The wedding-guest's reaction turns from excitement to impatience.Later on they feel  fear to fascination as the mariner's story progresses. In this poem Coleridge uses many narrative techniques like personification,repetition to create a sense of danger and fear , using the supernatural elements. It is also  depending on the mood in different parts of the poem. So it was considered as a best poem of Coleridge which also includes the characteristics of Romantic Poet.

● Conclusion : 

 So the Wordsworth and Coldridge considered as a best representation of Romantic Poetry. Through their works they consider as a best poet among the Romantic poets. Their poetry including all the characteristics of Romantic Poetry. They both created a remarkable position in Romantic Poetry.

Work sited :

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_poetry

http://crossref-it.info/articles/361/romantic-poetry

https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/discuss-wordsworth-romantic-poet-433538

http://tanvirdhaka.blogspot.in/2013/04/coleridge-as-romantic-poet.html?m=1

Assignment of Victorian Literature : Social criticism in Oliver Twist Novel

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Paper : 6 : The Victorian Literature 

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 15

Assignment  Topic - Social Criticism in Oliver Twist Novel 

M.A (English) : Sem -2 

Enrollment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID: jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University.

●》 Social Criticism in Oliver Twist Novel : 

● Introduction : 

 'Oliver Twist' is a novel written by Charles Dickens in 1849 in order to expose the ugliness of Victorian Age. He was a famous Social Critic of Victorain age. He created some of the world 's best known fictional character. He was regarded as greatest novelist of victorian Era. His works popular during his lifetime and by 20th century critic and scholars recognised him as a Litrary Genius. This novel considered as the best satirical novel during victorian Age. It criticise the social , political and economical and industrialization of  victorian Age. 

●  About Charles Dickens :

     Dickens  was born in 1812 and died in 1870. He lived in time in England where rich were getting wealthier and poor being exploited more and more. In at the age of 12 year he started working 10 hours a day. After his father was imprison. So these facts must have deep impression on young boy. This probably the  reason about the idea of social reformation run through out his works. Also it challenges the culture in which he grown up. Oliver Twist is filled with satirical irony. Dickens delights in satirizing the institutions so prevalent in England at the time; workhouses, unfair laws, orphanages, and also  the justice system. Dickens believed that each of these institutions were corrupt, unjust, and inhumane. He trys to depicted this things into his Novel. 

     ' Oliver Twist' is very clearly criticise the way that English Society worked in Dickens 's time. In the whole Novel shows how English society treated its poor. Dickens shows an injustice happening in England 's workhouse. The works to make the society 's view of the abuses the children change because of the  Poor Low 1834. The young children suffering more. Through bitting satire ,stock characters, humour and pathos Dickens explore the relation between the paupers and master of workhouse in 'Oliver Twist '. Satire is used to portray the suffering,  injustice and cruelty in the society and specially in workhouse. Through the characters like Mr Bumble , Oliver and other children of workhouse. They play  a significant role into give message of child labour in workhouses.

     ● Child Labour in society : 

 ' Oliver Twist ' can be read as the text book of victorian child abused and a social document about early Victorain Slum life. The book focused on the Poor little orphan Oliver and all the terrible things that happen to him as he is shuffled off from Cold arms of his dead mother to horrible Branch -  workhouse.  Through the characters of workhouse and their actions Dickens able to reveal how ordinary workhouse master treat their workers. 

   In this Novel Dickens presented a portrait of Macabre of Childhood of considerable number of victorian orphans. The orphans are underfed and for meal they are given single scoop of portion of food. The workhouse world is full of a bitter and pitiful. The workhouse for helping poor but in fact Oliver and others boys had to suffer from starvation. The diet given such a small quality that the bowls never " wanted to washing ".  The boys polished them with their spoons till they shine again.Oliver one of the Oppressed child dare to ask for more food.

           " Please Sir , I want some more " 

So Oliver demand for more food . it was considered as crime and as a punishment he was bitten by his master Bumble. So this scene which has become the most familiar incident in any English Novel. It strongly appealed to the victorian conscience.  A very memorable scene and extremely powerful because it is intended as “a radical questioning of the status  and its institutional structures”.  Dickens shows the workhouse was failed to attempt to solve the problem of poverty and unwanted children. It shows the current class  system prevailing in 17 century England. The novel is an attack on the inhuman condition of subsistence in work house the idiocy of law and unsatisfactory medical facilities. The indifference of the Government and popular towards the welfare children especially orphans is optimised in Oliver 's suffering. Oliver is condemned by the ugliness of life from the moment he is born; social order is imprinted upon him and it his destiny is outlined. 

The Novel also presents the cruelty and meanness of rich people authorities. This can be seen in the character of Miss Mann, Mr. Corney, Mr.Bumble and Mr and Mrs sowerberry. These characters treated Oliver very cruelly. Mr and Mrs Sowerberry ill treated Oliver so much that Oliver runs away from their house.

   ● Crime in society: 

  In this Novel also shows the crime in society. Dickens saw the pull of crime as a literary genre.Crime was the big  problem in London in the 1830 century when Dickens was writing. So Novels and plays about crime were hugely popular Fagin, Bill Sikes, the Artful Dodger have become legends of crime society . But for Dickens it is not for enjoyment even it shows the  dark humour in society.  Fagin is one of the Dickens most memorable character and also he is controversial. Fagin Continue describe like vampire. It continually refres to Fagin as " The Jew" . It combined with Fagin 's greed and miserly behaviour. The unprotected, neglected, starved and beaten children were led to enter the world of crime. Fagin is the leader of a gang of young pickpockets who also deals in stolen goods. The young victims are The Dodger, Charle Bades, Tom Chitling and later Noah Claypole worked for him. All these boys are engaged in pick pocketing. Young boys of streets were trained by giving them tobacco and wine, and was making them think that the life of a criminal was something romantic. In the novel crime is shown to be ugly as well as miserable. Dickens has lighted up the dark places that his well-to-do readers did no exists or had not troubled to know. Social parasite like Fagin is the breader of the criminals he makes young thieves work for him and if they are caught, they suffer imprisonment and even death while he gets off scot-free. The description of the criminal activities of Fagin and his band is a realistic picture of the underworld of London of those days. crime’s seriousness  and saw that thrilling, enticing. Literature was part of the same world as the misery of real.So it shows the crime in the society in that time. 

  ● Situations of Women : 

   Society views Oliver with its money ethics as liability. He really doesn't portray as a soul of spirit. Social order is shown through the rough unimportance of Oliver 's concealed humanity. This novel  represents a sophisticated treatment of the moral and social issues that dominate in  the story. Nancy, a prostitute and embodies for Dickens all the degradation into which poverty can force otherwise good people. Rose, on the other hand, represents all the purity that comes from good breeding. Both women embody the feminine compassion that compels them to help Oliver. That feminine compassion, maternal and sisterly when directed toward Oliver, is also what binds Nancy to her vice-ridden lover Sikes.

     Dickens depicts Nancy as a  forced into prostitution by her  poverty and her corrupt environment. She works against Bill and Fagin to reveal Oliver's parentage to Mr.Brownlow and save Oliver from a life of crime.  She also directly intervenes on Oliver's behalf and to save him from a beating and to attempt to prevent his kidnapping.  Nancy risks her life because she realizes that Oliver is better than the life he is leading, and she rescues him and returns to him his birthright life as a gentleman.  Dickens knew of Victimisation of Victorian women and wanted to show Nancy 's sweet character  was corrupted by this  and that she didn't deserve her fate. Her love for Sikes and her compassion for Oliver together compel her to sacrifice her own life.

      Even at the cost of her life Nancy feels change in her heart. She is loyal to her friends. She goes to save Oliver. The truth of life being represented successfully takes the harsh realities of victorian Age and employ it into Oliver Twist. Through his Satire and characterisation he treats negative image of cruel thing that happened to people in workhouse,  orphans and children. It remembered as one of the best social satire in history.

● Poverty in society : 

Dickens' view of poverty and the abuse of the poor can be seen in Oliver Twist The novel is about an orphan, brought up in a workhouse and poverty to demonstrate the hypocrisy of the upper class people. Oliver Twist shows Dickens' perspective of society in a realistic, original manner.Which hopes to change society's views by combining a combination of the actual social scene with  the fiction. It designed to reveal the nature of such a society when exposed to a moral overview.  Oliver is virtuous person  and good Humanbeing but he can't deserve love and care from the people because he was poor boy. He was poor and orphan boy. Because of this poverty he suffers a lot during this novel.

  ● Conclusion : 

      So Oliver Twist is very clearly Criticise the way that English Society worked in Dickens time. In the whole Novel based on poor condition of children  specially orphans children who get not much respect and care from society like Oliver. He suffered a lot throughout this Novel and the one reason was he his virtually. He never become bad person his virtually remains at the end of Novel. Because he is orphan boy English society abused him at every turn of his life.In Dickens’s time, England was rapidly becoming an industrial, urban society. Dickens’s works are overwhelmingly concerned with the social and psychological conditions that city life . Also in this novel shows crime , child labour,  orphans condition , injustice and cruelty in the workhouse and society,  conditions of women. Dickens criticise the English  society and it's treatment of poor.

Work sited : 

https://phdessay.com/charles-dickens-satire-of-victorian-culture-in-oliver-twist/