S.T Coleridge 's Biographia literaria

1) write in your words the difference between poem and prose.

Answer:- The poem contains the same elements as a prose composition. But the difference between combination of those elements and objects .

• Definition of poem:
       ' It is a written in the format of rhymes and rhythm si.and also has some imagination.'
 
Definition of prose :-
   
         ' It is written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure'
 
• Difference between poem and prose:
 
• Metre and rhyme or both is used in a poem But they are not use in prose composition.

• Immediate purpose of poem is the communication of  'Pleasure'. But the immediate purpose of prose is the communication of  ' Truth'.

• Meter  and rhyme etc are use in poem but they are not use in prose.

• If Meter  is used it can be poem but a poem can not please us if there is not organic unity . so main aim of poem is to give pleasure .

2) write in your words the difference between poem and poetry.

Answer:

•Definition of poetry:

         "Poetry is a type of literature based on the interplay of words and rhythm. It often employs rhyme and meter . In poetry words are strung together to form of sounds , images and ideas that might be to complex to describe directly. "

Difference between poem and poetry:

• In the poetry metre is very useful and necessary for writing poetry. We can say that with the help of metre and rhyme it becomes easy to memorise.

• poetry is a activity poet 's mind .but poem is a one of the form of its imagination.

• Imagination is  the soul of poetry .it is living power.

• poetry is the secondary imagination of poet 's mind .it has wider categories than poem.

• In poetry there are importance of esthetic sense , modifies the images and thoughts and powerful imaginations of poet 's mind . so this all the main elements of poetry.

 But we can't make clear difference between poem and poetry. But we can say that 'Poetry' is all kind of imaginative activity. So only this is make difference between poem and poetry.

John Dryden's " Essay of Dramatic poesy"

John Dryden 's " Essay of Dramatic Poesy" : 

1) Do you any difference between Aristotle's definition of Tragedy and Dryden's definition of play ?

Ans :- Yes , there is a difference between Aristotle's definition of tragedy and Dryden's definition of play.

     •Aristotle's definition of tragedy:

    “A tragedy is the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself; in appropriate and pleasurable language;... in a dramatic rather than narrative form; with incidents arousing pity and fear, wherewith to accomplish a catharsis of these emotions.”

      • Dryden's definition of play:

     " A Just and lively image of human nature,representing its passions and humors and the changes of fortune to which it is subject, for the delight and instruction of Mankind."

       So there is a difference in both definition in Dryden's definition he uses the word ' Just ' and ' lively.so both are most important word .

       In Aristotle's definition of tragedy it ended with therapeutic word ' catharsis'. Where as Dryden ending his definition with ' delight' and ' instruction of Mankind'. He puts equal emphasis on delight and instruction.

       Dryden's definition coming closer to that one of the jobs of poet does is to represent life as it is. Representing its passion and humors and they are not static. They keep on changing so at that sense it is quite significant touch of realism by Dryden. So these things make difference between Aristotle and Dryden's definition.

2) If you are supposed to give your personal predilection, would you be on the side of the Ancient or the Modern? Please give reasons.

Ans: I think both are equal important in development of play Ancient as well as Modern. Ancient established three unities, dramatic rules and regulation. Dramatic rules were spelled out by Aristotle. Which is still important and following by others. So they make their own way in development of literature and plays .

       Moderns are also important because they bring out good things from Ancients and also added new things and forms in it. 

'They exceed the ancient because of having learned and profited from their example.'

        So they have richness , variety and livelyness to the play. They make plays lively, delightful and pleasant. So both are equal important for the development of play.

3) Do you think that the arguments presented in favor of the French plays and against English plays are appropriate?

Ans :- No I think the arguments presented in favour of the French plays and against English plays are not appropriate. Because French following Ancient rules and regulations. Like they believe that death should be not present on the stage it should only narration. They following time ,place and action. While unity of time suggested that all the action should be portrayed in single day. The setting should be same from begging to end with the same scene .

         The English plays have all kind of places , even far off countries ,shown with the single day. The third unity of action requires that the play " aim at one great and complete action" . But English have all kinds of sub- plots .

• The French plays may be more regular but they are not lively not so pleasant and delightful as that of English. For example: Shakespeare's plays which are more lively and just image of human nature like Othello and Hamlet.

• There is no harm in introducing sub - plots. They have variety, richness and lively ness in to the play. In this way the writer can present just and lively picture than the French with their narrow and cramped plays.

• English plays believe in realistic.  and we can see the realistic representation in their play.

4) what would be your preference so far as poetic or prosaic dialogues are concerned in the play?

Ans - I think both are equal important in the play. Prosaic dialogue helps in understanding the play easily but poetic dialogue is like 'sugar courted ornament'. Which added sweetness in the play. It gives pleasure and delight. When we are using only prosaic dialogue it is helps in understanding to the people but some time it felt boring also. So when we use little bit poetic dialogues it gives pleasure and delight.When we use only poetic dialogues it become sometimes difficult to understand.

         So mixture of both dialogue makes play successful to understand and also gives pleasure and delight to readers.

Kenneth Branagh ' s Hamlet

Kenneth Branagh 'S Hamlet : 

• How faithful is the movie to the original play ?

Ans : Hamlet the movie directed by Kenneth Branagh is faithful in the language but not visual faithful. In the movie setting was during Victorian era the rich setting, costume of every character is good. so it is different at that way only. The dialogue delivery and expression are good. Movie is most same as original play. It covers all dialogues which in the play.

• After watching the movie have your perception about play, character or situations changed?

Ans : After watching the movie of Hamlet directed by Kenneth Branagh. It was very well directed by him. At the way he shows the name of movie was very remarkable and unique. The name of movie is on the pillar of castle. The characters expression and the way they speaks is good specially the character of Hamlet the way he changed his expression. It was very difficult thing.

• Do you feel 'aesthetic delight' while watching the movie ? If yes, exactly when did it happen ? If No, can you explain with reasons?

Ans : Yes , I feel ' aesthetic delight' during the conversation between Hamlet and polonius. Also the flashback scene of Hamlet and Ophelia's love and Hamlet remembering his memory and love of his father.

• Do you feel 'catharsis' while or after watching movie ? If yes, exactly when did it happen? If No , can you explain with reasons?

Ans: Yes , I feel 'catharsis' while Ophelia becomes mad. She was became a puppet of her father and king Claudius. She was not trust Hamlet and his love because of that she get confused. She become mad at that time.when needs Hamlet and he was not there as moral support. No one can understanding her situation and after these she dies. So with this thing love of Ophelia and Hamlet got tragic end.

• Does screening of movie help you in better understanding of the play?

                     

Ans : Yes , screening of the movie helps me to get better understanding of the play. Because when we reading play at that time we have limitation of our imagination but when I see the movie it helps me to understand the situation and emotion of the character in better way through their expression and dialogue. The setting of movie and the way it directed so very good that  we can see the different way to show the things for example the way name of the film showing on the pillar of castle is different and unique.

• was there any particular scene or moment in the movie that you will cherish life time?

Ans : yes In the movie when it starts at very first time when Claudius and Gertrude came into the hall in castle. At that time Hamlet was stand alone . so it shows that he become depress and sad but no one cares him at that time. When he need his mother at that time she went  him alone. So this scene of the movie I cherish  lifetime. Also the situation of Ophelia when she become mad no one cares her and Hamlet was not their when she needs him a lot.

• If you are director, what changes would you like to make in the remarking of movie on Shakespeare's Hamlet?

Ans : There is no much need to change the movie because he directed it so well. The setting of the play is very royal,expression of the characters are also good. I want to get one change in this movie to make Ophelia's character strong and also make her love more strong for Hamlet. I don't want to make puppet of his father and Claudius. I want to show her  strong that she could take her own decision.

• In the beginning of movie , camera rolls over the statue of king Hamlet out side of the Elsinore castle. The movie ends with the similar sequence where in the statue of the king Hamlet is hammered down to the dust . what sort of the symbolism do you read in this?

                   

Ans : In this statue of king Hamlet hammered down to the dust it shows that king Hamlet was at the center because without him tragedy could not happened. On the other words we can say that he was responsible for death of everyone and fall of Denmark happened because of this. At the first movie starts at that time statue of king  Hamlet  shows the pride of king Hamlet. But at the end of the movie this statue broken down and this shows that pride of king Hamlet is no more and he was only responsible for this.

• while studying the play through movie which approach do you find more applicable to the play ? Why? Give reasons with illustrations.

Ans : while studying the movie I find feminist approach and psychological approach. In the movie Ophelia always following the thing which was saying by his father and brother she could not take her decision in her own way. She become a puppet of his father and king Claudius who using her against Hamlet. No one can understand her situation including Hamlet. He also not understand her and behaves rudely with her.

    We can also find the psychological approach in this movie. Hamlet 's hatred towards his mother in first soliloquy. He says that ' Frailty the name is woman' .He also misbehave with Ophelia. So he was not happy  the marriage of Gertrude and Claudius. He was also depressed at that time and his behavior changing towards people and situations.

• which of the Above mentioned approaches appeals you more then other ? Why ? Give the reasons.

Ans : In this play all approaches are appeals but the feminist and psychological approach appeals more than others in many ways like hatred towards Ophelia and Gertrude , feeling depressed, Oedipus complex in psychological approach. In feminist approach Ophelia become puppet of his father and king Claudius, could not able to take discussion , insulting by Hamlet , get not much respect. So with these reasons these approaches are appeal more than other.

Post - Truth

                                                             " POST - TRUTH " 

         Truth ! Can you define the word 'Truth' ? It is very difficult thing. Everyone have their different truths. Its depending upon the time and situation. Everyone have their different point of view about Truth. Here we discuss the word ' POST-TRUTH'.

       Post truth is a new word , it has been chosen as the word of the year in 2016 by 'Oxford English Dictionary'. Post truth is a mixture of two words and which is a word comprised of two words joined together to create a new word with new meaning.

Meaning :-

      It's relating to or denoting circumstances in which the importance of actual facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeal to emotional and personal belief.
           
     In short the repetition of the thing which is not true but its constantly repetition make the thing true in front of people but actually it's not true. For example : The advertisements of television. Its constantly repetition make it real and people are believe it.

    There is another example of post truth is television serials. Some things are never happen in real life but it shows so effectively to the people that it seems to be real.

     Another example of politician. They are the best example of post truth. They speak the things which are never happen but they make it real with their repetition of words.our myths are also example of post truth. news channel are also sometimes showing not real or truth news but with the repetition of words and the way presenting the things and the confidence make it real and effective that people believing that it is reality but in real sense it is not truth. so we can say it is post truth.

Robinson Crusoe :

                   Robinson Crusoe: 

     Robinson Crusoe is the novel by Denial Defoe and its first published in 25 April 1719. It is a novel about Robinson Crusoe. It is adventure story.

                     

1)write about colonial discourse in Robinson Crusoe:

Ans -   Colonialism in the novel:

• Giving the Name:

         In this novel Crusoe saved one native 's life and by saving his life he giving that man a name ' Friday.'

    " I let him know his name should be Friday which was the day I saved his life."

       He also calling Friday as " My man Friday".

• Relationship:

 

     In the novel the relationship of Friday and Crusoe is as a master- slave relationship. Crusoe tells Friday to call him master. So thus Crusoe thinks himself as a master and Crusoe as a slave.

• Language:

       Friday Jones his own native language but later on Crusoe teaches him his own language that is "English".

• Culture:

 

      Crusoe teaches his culture to Friday. He tells Friday to wearing cloths. He forcing him to wear clothes. Friday was not comfortable in clothes but he have to wear clothes because of Crusoe.

• Religion :

     

      As a part to colonizing Crusoe also talked about his religion and God to Friday. Through this he wants to tell him superiority of his God.

 

 2) How colonialism works in our life (in contemporary time/ of our surrounding Give examples )?

Ans - In contemporary time colonialism working in many ways like we are free from British ruling but they still ruled in our minds.

• we learn English language and we give more importance to their language and culture.

• we celebrating 31 December.

• we are attracted by their white skin and we want to as fair as they are and so for that we using many beauty products.

• we also celebrate birthday and anniversaries.

• celebration of Mother's day ,Father's day,children's day etc.

3)  Do you think that movie is different than original novel?

Ans - yes, movie is different than original novel.

• In the movie only describing one voyage but in the novel describing two or three voyages.

• In the novel Crusoe forced Friday to wear clothes but in the movie Crusoe never told Friday to wear clothes.

• In the novel Friday accepting Crusoe as a 'Master' and he followed everything which was told by Crusoe. In the movie Friday never accepting Crusoe as a master. He told him that ' I am not slave'.

• In the novel Friday accepting Crusoe 's God and his religion but in the movie Friday never accepting his God and he also says that :

      " I don't like your God and I don't like you. "

    We can see the rebelling nature of Friday.

• In the novel Friday needs Crusoe but in movie when Friday leaves him at that time he feels alone and he apologized for his behavior and thus Crusoe needs Friday.

• In the novel Crusoe considered as a brave man and Friday considered as fearful man but in the movie it is opposite Friday is brave man and Crusoe is feels fearful at many times.

• In the novel the relationship between Crusoe and Friday is as master and slave relationship. In the movie it is totally different from it. In the movie they both are good friends.

4) Anti colonial elements in the film:

 Ans - In the film Friday has rebellion nature. He never accept Crusoe's religion and his God. He has courage to denied everything.

• In the film Friday never frightened for the Gun. He wants to know more about that Gun.

• In the film the relationship between Crusoe and Friday is as friends not as a master and slave relationship.

• In the film Friday never accepting Crusoe's culture, religion and his clothes. He never changing himself. Crusoe never force for anything.

                                                                                         

                                                                                                            Thank you...

Review of the play : Digdarshak

On 8th August,

         I watched one hindi play "Ek maulik sarjak : Digdarshak". It was one act play and it was arranged by film screening committee. Review of this play and presentation was given by Alpa Ponda. She presented it very well.

1. Director: Rishit Jhaveri
2.  Writer : Priyam Jani

     Play about the Play :   

      The title suggested that this play is about director. Director of theater. In this play director dedicated his whole life to theater. He spent much time into the theater. He was against of cinema.
         In this play the director trained one boy who came from village. The boy do not able to speak correctly. So the director trained him. Director taught him everything related to theater acting. He taught him correct pronunciations, purity his language, how to walk, eye contact with audience and with other co- actors. So he taught everything related to acting.  After this boy left theater and joined cinema.so this was very shocking for director and he was very upset and angry upon him.
 
Theme : Theater vs Cinema:

          There are many themes in this play but the central theme of this play is cinema vs theater. In this play the director was against of cinema. He hate cinema because he think that people using theater for join cinema. They learn into the theater but after this they left theater and join cinema. So it is the main theme of this play.
        Theater is more difficult than cinema. The cinema is more Democratic it gives freedom of thoughts. The theater is Authoritative Authoritative. It not gives freedom of thoughts. In the cinema there is a many chances and retakes. But in the theater there is no chances for mistake during performance. In theater there is no retakes. In the cinema there is liberty but in the theater there is no liberty.

    So this thing make difference between cinema and theater. In the theater discipline and obedience is important so that's why it also compare with Army.

 Theme: Theater vs Family

        There is another interesting theme is theater vs family. It is very difficult to balance between family life/ personal life and professional life. In this play director sacrifice his family life for the theater. He gives more important theater. In this play one scene came when his son want to celebrate his birthday with his father but his father gives more importance to theater  and he don't celebrated his son's birthday. So at that time son became alone when he needed his father.so with this thing his son hates theater because he lost his father's love and care and for him.theater  was responsible for that.
     
      In this play many techniques used. The flash back technique was used very nicely in this play. To change into past and suddenly comes into the present. It is very difficult thing. In this play there are only two characters. But they play other characters roles also. The setting was not changed into the play. In this play lighting played vital role to highlight the characters. The costume of the character were never changed during the play so its became easy into flashback technique.
           
         The main and important thing was in this play at the end of the play director changed his Orthodox thought and he was also gives equally importance to cinema. So some times it happens that we have to change our self according to the time.


                          " It is in the relationship of performer to the audience."
                                                                                                                                    Thank you...

Thinking activity :'Dr.Faustus' by Christopher Marlowe

Thinking activity : Dr.Faustus  by Christopher Marlow 



1) The play directed by Mathew Dunster for Globe theatre ends with this scene (see the image of Lusifer) what does it signify?

Ans -

       In the last scene of the play directed by Mathew Dunster for Globe theatre it signifies that after taking the soul of Dr Faustus Lucifer become more powerful. We can see this thing to see the wide wings of Lucifer. It signify the power of evil against the God. Also signifies that at the end of the play Evil wins against the God. It also shows that when we doing something wrong against the God and we doesn't repentance it. We leads towards tragic end.

    It also shows that Lucifer get more power after taking the soul of dead person. He was successful to take the soul of Dr Faustus. So it also shows his success.So it shows his Great Evil power, success against the God.

2) Is God present in the play ? If yes,where and how? If No,why?

Ans-

      In this play we can tell that God is present in the form of Good Angles, Old man ,Good fiends. Also God present mentally in the form of good inner voice of Dr. Faustus. So with these characters God is present in the play and these are tell him not to give his soul to Mephistopheles. But he ignores them. They warning him many times.

• O,Faustus,lay that dammed book aside, And gaze not on it,lest it tempt soul, And heap God's heavy wrath upon thy head! Read, read the Scriptures: that is blasphemy.

• Sweet Faustus, leave that execrable art.

• Ah,stay,good Faustus,stay the desperate stabs! I see an angle hovers o'er thy head, And,with a vial full of precious grace, Offers to pour the same into thy soul: Then call for mercy,and avoid despair.

      So with these characters God is present in the play.

3) What reading and interpretation can be given to this image ( see the image of Daedalus and Icarus) with the reference to central theme of the play ' Dr.Faustus'?

                 

Ans-

       This picture of Daedalus and lcarus is Greek mythology. In this Daedalus was the father of Icarus. Daedalus create gigantic wings using branches of asier and connected them with wax. He taught Icarus how to fly but told him to keep away from the sun because the heat would make the wax melt ,destroying the wings.

    Although he was warned by Daedalus. Icarus was too young and too enthusiastic about flying. Icarus ignores his father's warning and reach near the sun and wax was destroyed and he fall down and drown into the sea. So he was responsible for his own fall. Similarly in this play Dr Faustus ignored the warnings of Good angle,Old man ,Good friends and his own inner voice. But he ignored them and sold his soul to Mephistopheles to became more powerfull than God and get more knowledge. He has 'Hubris' means excessive pride of knowledge and this thing leads him towards his own tragic fall. He ignored everything for become more powerful than God.

    So thus how ignorance of good thing told by good characters it leads him towards his tragic and terrible end of his life. So this thing is common in both. In myth and in play ' Dr Faustus'.

                 Thank you...

Review of the play : "Yugpurush : Mahatma na Mahatma"

          Review of the play : " Yugpurush Mahatma na Mahatma "


4th August,

  Yesterday we the students of Department of English were  going to watch one play in "Yashvant Rai Natyagruh." "Yugpurush: Mahatma Na Mahatma". It was wonderful play. It was my first live drama show which I have seen in my life.Superb music,action,dialogues,setting,lighting.they make this play excellent. It was written by Uttam Ghada and directed by Rajesh Joshi. It is also performed in many languages like Gujarati,English,Tamil,Marathi etc. This play also got 3 noble prize. Yugpurush was spiritual play and also spiritual relationship between Gandhiji and Rajchandraji.

 

           Rajchandraji was poet,merchant, philosopher. He was brilliant man. He was able to doing many task at the same time.its called "SHATAVDHAN". He has great memory power.he remember many words at the time. He was also know many languages.Through this brilliant quality of him get inspiration to Gandhiji and make him Mohandas to mahatma. So that's way the play called " mahatma na mahatma". It was journey of Gandhiji  to became Mohandas to Mahatma.

    It was a great relationship of two person. This play based on satya ,ahinsa,dharma. Gandhiji spirituality connected with Rajchandraji. When Gandhiji was confused between choosing religion Christan or Muslim at that time he wrote a letter to Rajchadraji. He tell him to choose Hindu religion and find out great quality of it. After the death of Rajchandraji they both connected with each other spiritually. Rajchandraji played significant role in Gandhiji 's life. He gives strong freedom fighter to India.

     In this Drama also used many techniques. They Used of many moveable things and it was changing according to the theme. Also used of lighting very well in this play to highlight the character on the stage. So it was make important part to make a play successful.

       Before watching this play I don't know about Rajchandraji. But after watching this play I came to know about that it was a great friendship example of Mahatma Gandhi and Rajchandraji. They both spiritually connected with each other.

       It also gives a message to the society. So it was also inspirational play.

                                           Thank you...

Plato's objection & Aristotlelian Theory :

  Plato 's Objection and Aristotelian Theory   : 

Question : 

How far do you agree with Plato’s objection to freedom of expression and artistic liberty enjoyed by creative writers? Name the texts (novels, plays, poems, movies, TV soaps etc which can be rightfully objected and banned with reference to Plato’s objections)

  ->     after understanding this  thing it is quite difficult to choose one thing because everything has its good side or bad side...  But I am not agree with Plato's objections because creater should have its own freedom to creat the things. Its depends upon you what you want to get it from good things or bad things. If we don't like some thing which is not good then we should not watch or read it. In the universe there are also mixture of good and bad things. Any literary work is out come of observing the things and experience of the society. So we can't say that literature makes people bad. Because its existence in the society first then afterwards reflect in the literature. There are many good serials for example "MAN VS WILD" on discovery channel.

 The other example is " KON BANEGA CARORPATI" on Sony channel. So watch like this serials we get more knowledge about things and it increased our knowledge about the world.

             I want to give another  example of  "TARAK MEHETA KA ULTA CASHMA " it is a comedy serial. It gives us many moral lessons about life and gives a different way to see the world.

Question : 

With reference to the literary texts you have studied during B.A. programme, write brief note on the texts which followed Aristotelian literary tradition (i.e. his concept of tragedy, catharsis, tragic hero with hamartia etc)

->    During my B.A studies I study  " OTHELLO" by William Shakespeare. It is a tragedy of Othello who was the protagonist of the play. It follows Aristotle 's literary tradition. Jealousy of Iago creates misunderstanding between Othello and his wife Desdemona. Othello thinks that his wife was not faithful towards him and the action of Othello lead this story towards tragic end. Othello never talk once with his wife he believed Iago blindly. He kills his wife and after knowing that his wife was innocence. He feels guilty and after this he kills himself. So the play ends with attainment of understanding and resolution of fear and pity. It makes tragedy.

Question : 

 Did the ‘Plot’ of those tragedies follow necessary rules and regulations proposed by Aristotle? (Like chain of cause and effect, principle of probability and necessity, harmonious arrangement of incidents, complete, certain magnitude, unity of action etc)

  ->   I also studied play " GHASHIRAM KOTWAL" by vijay tendulkar. It is a tragedy of Ghashiram. This play following all rules and regulations of Aristotelian literary tradition of time , place and action. Plot is an organization of events which from the story of the play. In this plot shows that good man suffering due to his own faults.This play is a powerful satire on the power of politics. Also shows lust of power. Ghashiram 's lust of power leads him towards the tragic end .A lust of power make him soo blind that for the power of became kotwal of poona he gives his daughter to Nana phadnavis. At the end of the play Nana killed his daughter after this thing he realised his fault. At the end he was killed by people of poona. Tendulkar include the visual language of movement of expression . so it was tragic end of Ghashiram kotwal.

                            Thank you...