Sunday Reading task : Interpretation of the Stories by Mahendrasinh Parmar

Sunday Reading Task : Interpretation of the Stories by Mahendrasinh Parmar : 1) ISI No Haath and 2) Intellectual Indubhai 

Literature is reflection of society. It shows the real life conditions of  society. It is not all about prising the things but it also criticised things which indirectly harmful to others. This two stories "ISI no Haath" and " Intellectual Indubhai" written in Gujarati language by Mahendrasinh Parmar.These stories are from 'Polytechnic' - a collection of short stories published in 2016.

1) ISI no Haath:

Into this story talked about impact of religion on the mind set of the people. Religion converting as ATM. Religion become way of money making. On the name of Religion people ready to do any thing. This thing also reflects in to this story. In this story talked about the power of religion who ruined life of common people by ruined  their business. The meaning of ISI not belongs to any terrorist group. It has different meaning :

I  - Ishvar Dabhi
S - Sharad Joshi
I  - Indrajit Dholakiya

So it's about the people whom life ruined because of the temple.

     Ishvar was Junk Man or Scavenger Or Scrap Collector. Hee collects old newspapers but when this Temple build they told the people to gave the old newspaper to them. So people think that it would be good to gave newspaper to temple so on the name of faith and religion people don't gave old newspaper to Ishvar  so because of that his business was broken. 

     Sharad was coming from poor family. His mother was good cook. His father  and his mother feed people and urning  money. But because of the temple their business was broken because temple provide food to people in 600 Rs per month. Sharad father can't face the reality and died.

 Indrajit was professor. He talked about the profession of the religious people. Temple become the profession for urning money He talked about the land on which the temple build. This land was given by Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji for education purpose but later on this land taken by religious people to build temple. So how religion ruined the education.

   Religion make people blind. Here the son of Police inspector goes abroad. There he  was blind flooded by religious people. He decide to left his engineering and join the work of temple. After build  the temple religious people left him form there. He faced many problems and couldn't got job.

   So this story highly satirised the religion. It's highlight the blind faith. On the name  Religious people ruined the life of others. Religion become business to make money nothing than that. This types of thing harmful for society. It is more harmful than wars. Because it attacks on people's faith. It shows the power of religion who controlled intellectualism.


2) Intellectual Indubhai :

It's story of Indubhai. He was teacher. As teacher he was very honest and kind person. He doesn't allowed students to do cheating in exams. So he was  very honest and moral person. He was very intellectual person that's why he known as intellectual Indubhai. He has read many books. He was very knowledgeable person.

Double meaning of intellectual :

Here writer satires on the political leaders who has great intellectual power by speaking on any subject in four to five languages. So he satirise on the political leaders.Another meaning of intellectual is the person who have great knowledge of things. Indubhai has great knowledge of literature. He was not only intellectual but also emotional person.

  This story was also about suffering of intellectual people. It also highlight the Western thinkers like Nietzsche, Darwin, Milton, Karl Marx, Rilke and Louis Pasteur. Also it describes the Indian literature like Mahabharat , Ramayana etc. Indubhai also teach humanism to the students in his lectures. He talked about thoughts of Gandhiji and other great thinkers.

● Connection with Real life Incidents :

    This story also connected with real life incident post Gothra rights. In this story also talked about from British perspective.

Writer took examples while describe Majority and Minority crises as "April as cruellest month". In this people burn the houses and trains. Also the Holy books like Ramayana and Mahabharata ,  krishna nu jivan Sangeet, Astitvano Utsav and Satyana prayogo burned.

It can be interpret as loss of morality and humanity into people .  At the end Indubhai couldn't able to be normal because he was intellectual people , he has ability to see the things with deep understanding. He could see the things which others can't see. At the end his humanity , morality and intellectualism loss in front of the cruel society.  It can be seen his intellect become reason behind his sufferings.

    The writer has great ability to connect the real life situation and imaginative stories together. He wrote not only about the incidents but also minutely wrote about situation of people and effects of that incidents upon the mind of people.

Shashi Tharoor and post colonial perspective

Post colonial perspective and Shashi Tharoor : 

Shashi Tharoor is an Indian Writer and politician. He is serving as member of parliament Lok Sabha from Theravandnthapuram. He is great writer. His most famous work  Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to India  in India this book published under the title of "An Era of Darkness."  Into this work He talked about What the British Did to India. arising out of a speech he delivered at the Oxford Union was published in 2016. He aptly portrays all the activities done by the British Raj and their selfish motives to repatriate all that they could. There are numerous references too. He also talk about India that : 

"India is not, as people keep calling it, an underdeveloped country, but rather, in the context of its history and cultural heritage, a highly developed one in an advanced state of decay."

Into his speech he talked about How British harm to Indians.

● Exploitation : 

British always exploited Indian in every ways. They always see their benefits first. They taking goods from India. They taking everything from India rather than spending money into development of India. Mughals only spend Indian money into development of India rather than taking it outside of India. Britisher had increased Export text and decrease import texts. So this way they taking raw materials from India and Indians have to pay high text and after that this raw material convert into things and import that material in India by payed lower text. So this way increased the text they exploit Indian. 

● Cultural Backlash : 

   Before Britisher came into India third gender people had given equally importance into society. Society was more free at those times but when British came this things changed. Third gender people suffered a lot for their rights. Into 2018 Indian high court pass judgement to give equally importance to this people into society. So after British came the culture of India becomes more narrow minded towards things. 

● Violence and Racism : 

British gave world only one thing that effects on people's minds that is violence and Racism. They considered themselves more superior than others because they have white skin. They consider themselves more civilised and cultured. So the concept of Racism was given by British to consider themselves superior. Because of this it effected on African people psychologically. So racial, ethical restriction increased and death of morality happened during their rule. 

● poverty, control over technology and suppling things : 

British left India as most poorest country. India was most developed country all over the world before British came in India. British left India in poverty. People were suffering from poverty and hunger.  British had all control in their hands. They have control over the technology and suppling things. They do development only in their country. 

Railway : 

Railway consider as a gift from Britisher to India. Development of Railway by British consider as the most important thing given to India. But it is not true they do development of Railway not the sake of Indian development but sake of themselves. They make Railway for their benefits because of the help of railway they can supply things more faster into their country. Behind the development of Railway can be seen the selfish motif of Britishers. 

Review of Film : Mourning becomes Electra

       Review of Film : Mourning becomes Electra

On 24th September , In the department of English we have film screening of Mourning becomes electra.This film was directed by Dudley Nichols in 1947.  This movie is similar to the Play written by Eugene O' Neill. It is divided into three parts : 1) The Home coming 2) The Hunted and 3) The

● Fragmented Family : 

     Family is the symbol of care , love , unity , trust but this thing can't find into this film. The manon family is opposite than other family. Into this family no one can trust each other. Everyone has their different world ,  desire , aims and feelings. Even the most worst thing is no one trust each other. They always spy and keeping eye on each other rather than trust each other. The relationship between father and son and daughter and mother are based on hatred and revenge. They not love each other even they don't care about each other. It also reflects the modern age in which we see fragmentation of family. So in this family we can't see love , loyalty , forgiveness so because of lack of this things becomes the reason of destruction.

● War : 

War is responsible for family collapse. At those time it was a rule that one male member of family should be in the army. So because of that Ezra Mannon has to go in army. This makes Christine alone during the birth of his daughter. When she needed Ezra at that time he was not there. She also says that

" It was his duty as Mannon to go! He'd be sorry the rest of his life if he hadn't. " 

So this things create hatred into Christian for Ezra. She hatred Lavinia because she constantly remind her that Ezra left her when she needed him the most.

War is also symbol of hopeless , Death and unhappiness. So this all things also reflect in the movie. Death of family members and hopelessness and unhappiness.

● Psychological suffering : ( Oedipus complex and Electra complex ) 

The characters also suffering from Psychological disease of Oedipus complex and Electra complex . The  character of Orin suffering from Oedipus complex. He also attracted towards his mother. When his father come back  at home from the war.  He doesn't like it. Also the mother Christine love her  son not daughter.

       Also it reflects Electra complex between Father and Daughter. When Ezra came from war he first spent time with his wife  Lavinia doesn't like this thing. When her father want into his room with his wife at that time she try to call her father by throwing stone on window. She also rejects love of Peter because of her father. She wants to care her father.

        So this way we can see into movie the psychological disorder like Oedipus and Electra Complexes. 

● Death : 

Death bacome the main theme of play. It also reflected in war. War also it self the symbol of death. It also make impression on character's mind. Ezra and Orin commented suicide.  Death of Adam and Christine. So every member of family died except Lavinia. But she also dead mentally only her body lived. So everyone is dead into this play mentally, spirituality ,  morally. Death of Morality in form of Christine. She has affair with Adam. She unfaithful towards her husband.  Also attraction between father and daughter and mother and son also consider death of Morality. 

● Representative of American society : 

War and fragmentation of family also representative of American society. In that time war becomes reason of broken family. Women has affair with others. So this play also a representative of American society. Condition of Family and people's minds reflected into play. 

Reflective Blog on the learning of E.A. Poe's Stories by Dr. Jay Mehta

Reflective Blog on the learning of E.A. Poe's Stories by Dr. Jay Mehta

"Literature is like axe for frozen ice with in you ".

In our department of English we had guest lecture by Dr. Jay Mehta during 19th to 22th September. He is lecturer at R. C. Technical collage at Ahemdabad. He is not guest but part of Department Family. He also studied under the guidance of Dr.Dilip Barad sir. So because of this he is very attached with department. These three days were very much memorable for us. He is very specialised into his subject. He knows very well how to engaged students with the subject. So as part of that he gave us pre thinking task to give answer of some questions which is realeted our life experience  also it reflects our psychological state of our mind.

Here is the link of given task :  To open the task link Click Here. 

His teaching style is unique from others because he gave us pre thinking activity so from it our mind becomes ready for study and understand the basic concept.  Also he connect poe's stories with movies like Bruce almighta Liar Liar , Gazi Attack , Wednesday, Inseption , Omkara , Makbul, Header , Aks ,  Pyasa , Water etc. So this way he connect the features of poe 's stories with movies.

  Also he introduced psychological decease like Hallucination , Catalepsy , Neurosis , Psychosis etc. He  very well connected these psychological terms with Poe's stories. Also sir has great collection of guzzles  and poems. He often recited poems and Guzzle. In his class no one feel board but attend his lectures interestingly.  

In three days we studied Poe 's short stories. Poe 's Stories are full of elements of horror and terror. We studied six stories of him. 

1) The Tell Tale Heart

2) The Black Cat

3) The Fall of the House of Usher

4) The Cask of Amontillado

5) The Purloined Letter

6) The Gold Bug

So his lecture were combination of elements of Horror and Terror ,Gujrati / Hindi Guzzle and poems ,  Movies and Psychological terms. So it were very fruitful sessions for us. He also used the original quotes when he starts his lectures. Here I wants to put one of  quote which he wrote on the board when he start his lecture.  

" No mortal can keep a secret in his , lips are silent, he characters with his fingertips, Betrayal oozes out of him from every pore " 

                                               - Dr. Sigmund Freud 

So this way our sessions start with different quotes related to the subject. 

On the fourth day we have special sessions of Gujrati and Hindi poems and Guzzles by Dr Jay Mehta sir. In this session he recited many Guzzle and poems. He told everyone who are interested into writing Poems and Guzzle to keep writing and also he told to listen the tone of recitation of  Guzzle and Poems. Because tone is very important in recitation of any poems and guzzles. He has also told to read Guzzle of Gulzar, Galib, Rahish Maniyara, Mukesh Joshi, Dr. Rahat Indori ,  Khushvantkumar, Hemant Faraz , Annirudh chavda and many more.

So these  sessions were very fruitful and memorable for us. I would like to thank you our  Head of department  Dr Dilip Barad sir for inviting Dr. Jay Mehta sir. 

Assignment Of English Language Teaching 1 : Language Teaching Methods in ELT

Assignment Of English Language Teaching 1 : Language Teaching Methods in ELT


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Paper : 12 : English language teaching 1 

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 16

Assignment  Topic :  language teaching methods in ELT

M.A (English) : Semester  -3

Enrolment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID: jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University.

● Language teaching methods in ELT : 

● Introduction : 

ELT is The programme combines the academic study of language and communication  with practical training in English language teaching. It is used for leaning the language it is not applicable for selected language this methods are used for learning any language . 

Method :

Method in English language teaching is the important element through which learning of language become easier. Basically it’s referring to the techniques which is used by the teachers to teach any particular language to their students. So this methods used for any language learning. Through this methods leaning becomes easy for learners. So by using this types of method learner can learn many languages. 

● Methods in ELT : 

There are many methods used in the learning of languages : 

1) The direct method 

2) Grammar – Translation method 

3) Audio lingual method 

4) Total physical response 

5) Communicative language teaching 

1) The Direct method : 

The Direct method is the important method. This method is very useful for learners. Through this method learns learn to communicate in the target language. Learner can be learn second language without help of first language. It also called as a Natural method. It is a reaction against Grammar translation method. In Grammar transaction method give focus on only grammar only. Where here into this method main aim to this method is communication. It is originate in the France into 1901.

    It is often to used to teach foreign language. It was first established in France and Germany around 1900 and contract with grammar translation method. 

● Characteristics : 

 •Into this method teaching concepts and vocabulary through real life objects and other visual materials. So it connect teaching with real life objects. For example teacher told his learner to interact with people into teaching language. So learner has to interact with the people and situation.

• Into this method leaner learns grammar rules by inductive approach. 

•Into this method focuses on the question and answer pattern. 

● Definition of Direct method : 

Direct method in the teaching a language is directly established an immediate and audio visual which is associated between experience and expression, words and phrases, rules and performance through the teacher’s body and mental skill without getting help of learner’s mother tongue. 

● Aims : 

• Build a direct way into the world of the target language and making relationship between life experience and language, word and idea, thought and expression and rule and performance. So in this don’t taking help of learners mother tongue.

• Teaching learners to learn how to communicate in the target language. 

•  method should based on the assumption. Learner should experience the new experience in the same way as he or she experienced his or her mother tongue.

● Techniques of learning : 

• Question  answer exercise 

• Dictation 

• Reading a loud 

• Students self correction 

• Conversation practice with other learners 

• Paragraph writing 

● Merits and Demerits : 

Merits :

• Learner can understand English easier

• Good habit of speech increase

• Fluency of speech and writing skill improved

• Lessons become  interesting with use of pictures

• Practical command over language 

• LSRW skills improves 

 Demerits :

• Useless for average learners 

• Unachievable in over crowed class 

• Schools and colleges not have enough equipment 

• Teacher spend a lot time in planning and  designing the activities 

 2 ) Grammar translation method : 

 This method is focuses on the Grammar rules and regulations into language. It is a method of teaching the foreign languages. This method is drives from classical method of teaching language into Greek and Latin. In this method first learner learns grammatical rules and regulations and then they apply those rules by translating the sentences between target language and native language. 

● Aims and principle : 

Aims :

• It is useful for enable learners to read and translate literature written into the source of language .

• Development of learners reading ability to a level at where they are able to read literature written into the target language. 

● Thomson and Wyatt’ s three principles : 

• Translation interprets foreign phraseology best 
•  Through interpretation learner able to learn target language 
• Words compare and contrast with mother tongue so mother tongue helps in learning of second language. 

● Principles: 

• Classes taught in mother Tongue

• Vocabulary is taught in mother tongue in form of isolated word 

• First learn the word in mother tongue after that moving towards second language 

● Merits and Demerits : 

 Merits

• Increasing vocabulary. 

• Save time and energy both 

• Strong memory bond establish

Demerits :

• Listening and speaking skills not given importance 

• Literary translation ruins the charm of the language 

• Unable to think in target language 

• Rare opportunity of practice speaking 

● Techniques :

• Translation of passage 

• Antonyms and synonymous 

• Fill in the blanks 

• Memorisation 

• Make sentences 

• Composition 

• Reading Comprehensive questions 

 So by using these techniques learner can improve their target language. This all techniques make learner to learn language. 

3) Audio – Lingual method :

 This method is very much useful to teach foreign language. It is based on the behaviourist theory. This approach of learning language is similar to direct method. So like the direct method the audio Lingual method also advice that  students should be taught a languages direct without using learner’s mother tongue to explain new words to learners. 

● Principles : 

• LSRW skills taught separately 

• Focuses on more listening and speaking but not completely neglected writing and reading

• The main feature of this method is dialogue 

• Dialogue provide leaner an opportunity to practice and memorise language 

• Mother tongue not given much importance as similar as  Direct method

● Techniques :

• Language taught through dialogue with useful common communication structure and vocabulary 

• Repetition of phrases and sentences 

• Dialogue learned by first whole class then by smaller groups and then individual 

• Reading material introduced orally 

• Asked to write composition report based on the oral lessons 

● Aims :

• Oral skills used systematically for communication 

• Practice is central aim 

• Emphasis on oral learning 

• Put stress on oral skills 

• Oral skills at the centre

● Merits and Demerits : 

Merits :

• Use of visual aids is effective in vocabulary teaching.

• Method is just as functional and easy to execute for larger groups.

• Correct pronunciation and structure given  emphasized 

• Teacher-dominated method.

• Mechanical method and it demand pattern practice, drilling, and memorization.

• The learner is in the  directed role the learner has little control over the material studied and  the method of study.

Demerits : 

• Language form is considered not meaning 

• Teacher dominated method 

• Learner in the passive role little control over their learning 

• Equal importance not given all four skills LSRW

• Mechanical method  demands pattern practice, drilling, and memorization over functional learning of languages  

4) Total physical response: 

This method is founded by James Ashar professor of physiology. This theory based on the coordination of the language and physical movement. This method is an example of the comprehension approach to language teaching. The listening and responding serves two purpose. It means of quickly recognizing meaning in the language being learned and a means of passively learning the structure of the language itself. Grammar is not taught into this method of language learning   but can be learned from the language input. This method is a valuable way to learn vocabulary. 

●  Principles : 

• Students not force to speak teacher waits until student acquired enough language to speak 

• At the begging stages larger can respond teacher into native language 

• Development of oral fluency is primary goal 

• Lesson organised around grammar and verbs

• Grammar not taught but learned by induction 

• Oral and  physical response is both are  teaching techniques. It is  a philosophy of language teaching

● Techniques : 

    • Uses of props and posters 

    • Use of charts and pictures 

● Merits and Demerits : 

    Merits :

•Funny and easy technique of learning 

 •not require a great deal of preparation on the part of the teacher.

•Good tool for learning vocabulary.

•Class size does not need to be a problem.

• No age barrier.

● Demerits :

• It is not a very creative method. Students are not given the opportunity to express their own views and thoughts in a creative way.

•It is easy to overuse TPR.

•It is limited, since everything cannot be explained with this method. It must be combined with other approaches.

 5 ) Communicative Language teaching: 

This  technique gives more importance to  interaction and it considering as  the ultimate goal of study.Language learners in environments utilizing communicative language teaching  techniques through they  learn and practice the target language through the interaction with one another and the teacher. So this  method is based on study of "authentic texts". So  through the use of this technique learner can be learn the language both in class and outside of class.

● Merits and demerits : 

• Seeks to personalise and localise language 
• Easily retained by learners.
• Leaner find interesting 
• Use of  authentic resources. 
• interesting and motivating for learners .
• Acquire grammar rules as a necessity to speak so is more proficient and efficient.

● Demerits :

• Pays insufficient attention to the context in which teaching and learning taken place 
• Approach often seems to be interpreted as “if the teacher understands the student we have good communication”.
• Native speakers of the target language  have great difficulty understanding students.
• Another disadvantage is that the this methods focuses on fluency but not accuracy. 
• Not focus on error reduction but instead creates a situation where learners are left using their own devices to solve their communication problems. 
• Produce incoherent, grammatically incorrect sentences during conversation

● Principle : 

• Information gap 
•  Choice 
• Feed back 
• Learning by doing things 
• Mistake consider as natural outcome 
• Grab attention of teacher 
• Connectivity among all four skill LSRW
•  Learning language properties 

● Techniques :

•  Playing games 
• Role play 
• Given Group work 
• Pair work 

●Conclusion: 

So these method can be very helpful to learners to enquire the language. This method is not only for English learning but these methods can be applicable into all other language learning. So by using these types of method it will be very helpful and easy way to learn the language. 

● Resources : 

http://esl.fis.edu/teachers/support/method.htm

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_method_(education)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar%E2%80%93translation_method

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio-lingual_method

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicative_language_teaching

Assignment of American Literature : Theme of Death in Robert Frost poems

Assignment of American Literature : Theme of Death in Robert Frost poems 

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Paper : 10 : American Literature 

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 16

Assignment  Topic : Theme of Death in Robert Frost poems 

M.A (English) : Semester  -3

Enrollment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID: jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University.

● Theme of Death in Robert frost ‘s Poems :

                                  

 Robert frost was an American poet. He was an honoured  frequently during his life time. He has received four Pulitzer prise for poetry. So he became one of the American rare public literary figures and artist. Also he was awarded on 22 July 1961 as Congressional Gold medal for his poetic work. He was considered as the most important library figures during his time. His poem based on theme of death. The word death it self connect with Ultimate and Unsettling kind of change. His most famous works are The road not taken , stopping by woods ,  Fire and Ice , The gift outright ,  Design , Mending wall and home burial. His most of work based on the theme of Death. 

● Theme of Death into Robert Frost ‘s poems : 

Through the anlaysing the poetry written by Frost. It had also some auto biographical elements into his poetry. He had experienced a great loss during his time. His poem will ability to taken people towards grief. He had experienced it at every point of his life. So his poem has also cathartic qualities. His own father had died when he was young and during his married life he lost his two children. So all this things clearly reflects into his poems. 

● Theme of Death in “Home Burial” : 

Robert frost and his wife has lost their two children. One child was still born and other died at the age of three. So this grief clearly founded into his poem “ Home Burial” .

    In this poem Death is the main theme. The complex relationship between husband and wife after child’s death explored. In this poem many emotions reflects like isolation, grief , acceptance of reality and rejection. Into this poem couple has lost their baby. After the death of baby his father continues his work by  attends to the various needs of the farm. These actions not show the denial but acceptance of reality , acceptance of death of his baby. He knows very well that they should carry on their lives after appropriate period of  mourning is over. He understands that his son is dead. 

"The little graveyard where my people are!

So small the window frames the whole of it. 

Not so much larger than a bedroom, is it?"

This lines shows that husband has grown up naturally with the graveyard nearby his house. So for him death is natural and fact of life that is always present. In this lines he compared graveyard with bedroom. The graveyard is place where people are buried when there lives over and to the bedrooms in that many lives get first beginning but it is all part of the circle of the life. So this way death becomes the main element into this poem.

  The mood of this poem is dramatic and you actually felt the witness of events that unfolds in each word of poem till beginning to the end. In the poem the word ‘out out shows the unhappiness of wife towards her husband. She angry upon the behaviour of her husband which is unaffected and lack of care towards his child ‘s death. So death of child also effected on the relationship of husband and wife. They both are not even able to do conversation with each other. So it shows that how death of child effected their lives. It shows not only death of child but it also shows the death of their relationship. 

● Theme of death in “Stopping by woods on snowing evening”: 

 It is the single poem through which Frost is addresses the concept of life . It shows the suggestive of profound thoughts and utterances about human life and death. There are many interpretation comes when we read this poem. There were many argument about this poem  that it is simply a description of a man appreciate of a man appreciating nature. Others would also  tell that there is some heavy Metaphor of action going down and that the poem is about death. Also it takes a step further and tell that this poem also addresses suicide.

  “The woods are lovely, dark and deep

           But I have promises to keep,

           And miles to go before I sleep,

           And miles to go before I sleep.”

Into this poem the poet philosophies the idea of death is waiting and responsibilities of life is waiting for him. He wants to stay here but the responsibility of family stop him. Here also the word sleep addresses the death. Also it considered as a natural recurring psychological state of rest. It also represents the peace which comes after death. This lines represents the long life without  peace of sleep. The repetition of these lines shows its importance that is no ignored and not forgotten.

The poet has a long journey in front of him. He has also a long journey in front of him before reach the final and ultimately journey of death. He has to fulfilled his responsibility before death comes. So the reality of life reflect into this poem. It also shows the mental death of poem. That poet doesn’t want to go back but he has to go back to his house for fulfilling his responsibility before he died. 

●Theme of death in “Design” :

This poem is written by frost. It is all about the natural death. Into this poem spider holding up a dead moth into his mouth. So it’s reflect the reality of life. Death is the natural part of life. No one can escape from the reality of life that is dead. Death is ultimate reality of life that everyone has to face. So through this poem also reflects idea of evil and good is changed. But the ultimate truth of life is death so this idea clearly reflects into the poem. 

● Theme of Death in “ Fire and Ice” : 

Some say the world will end in fire,

Some say in ice.

From what I’ve tasted of desire

I hold with those who favor fire.

This poem describe the fate of the world that world will destroy by fire or ice. Into this poem shows the both sides. It is all about the end of the world. The poet first give conclusion with his personal experience with the desire and passion the emotions of fire. In next ice also represents the emotion of hatred. So both of this things are equally harmful Mankind. The world will definitely destroy by both things fire and ice. It also denote to the death and destruction. So this word connected with the conflict that these emotions can only brings destruction only into the world and humanity. Both are destructive and harmful for the world. The excessive fire or ice has a power to destroy the whole world. So in this poem also reflects the idea of death.  It also focus on ultimate fate of world and mankind has to destroy at one day. So it also reflects the reality of life
. 

 So in this all poems frost majorly describe theme of death that how it effected upon the life of others. The ultimate reality is death only but still no one able to accept it and move on from there. Death is nothing but a long sleep that gives you relief from all your pain and suffering. So it also can be seen the positive way rather than negative way. But here frost describe death as most painful thing of life. In the poem burial of death frost tries to show acceptance and rejection of death. Father accept the death of his child as ultimate reality of life while wife can’t accept death of her child. Because of it this thing effected upon their relationship. So it shows that two death into poems the death of relationship and death of child
. 

     In the design poem death can be seen as the design of nature or God. The death of moth can give life to spider. So the cycle of life and death is going on it never stop. The death of moth can given life to spider. It is also a natural chain of food that once death gives life to another. So this concept of death is connect with natural order and design of God or Nature.

   In the poem stopping by woods on snowing evening represent death as a peaceful. The narrator wants to dead because he need peaceful sleep. Also the poem fire and ice shows the destruction of whole world and man kind with fire and ice. Here it also connected with the emotions and this excessive emotions has a power to lead the world towards destruction. 

● Conclusion : 

So the main and important element and theme of frost poems is death. It can be connected representation of   frost own suffering and pain of lost during his life. So in this poem describe death as the way of getting peaceful sleep and acceptance of death. So it shows that death is the ultimate reality of human life. It should be accepted rather than ignored. Death is the real part of life. It is destined way of peace. So in this way frost try to shows the reality  of life that is death. 

Resources : 

https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-main-theme-poem-death-hired-man-by-robert-97341 

https://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-analysis-of-the-theme-of-death-in-robert-frosts-poem-home-burial-and-emily-dickinsons-poem-i-felt-a-funeral-in-my-brain-and-i-died-for-beauty-V0XhvyxC

Assignment of Modernist Literature : Contemporary world reflects into " The Wasteland " :

Assignment of Modernist Literature : Contemporary world reflects into " The Wasteland " :

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Paper : 9 : Modern Literature 

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 16

Assignment  Topic : The Contemporary world reflects into “ The Wasteland “.

M.A (English) : Semester  -3

Enrolment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID: jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University.

●    The Contemporary world reflects into “ The wasteland “ 

   ● Introduction : 

 The wasteland was written by T.S .Eliot. He was an essayist, play writer , social critic and great poet of his time. It is a long poem written in 20th century. It consider as the most important work of modernist poetry. In this poem Eliot include cultural and social and literary allusions from the western cannon , Hindu Upanishad and Buddhism. Eliot viewed Critically and pessimistically viewed  the modern world. He wrote this poem in the hope of betterment in society after the world war. The poem is divided into five parts. The Burial of Dead ,  A Game of chess , The Fire sermon and What the thunder said. 

● Reflection of the contemporary world into The Wasteland : 

     The wasteland is the notable work for its seemingly disjointed structure and indicative of Modernist style of James Joyce ‘s Ulysses. It also consider as the best depiction of modern human life. In the modern era people has many problems especially regarding the world war. So the natural become barren outwardly it happened because of massive and numerable deaths of people  and destruction. So because of that the internal state of human has become very complex and perverted. So they going through the situation in which there is no difference between life and death. So people suffering from the state of Life in Death. They have always fear of death. Life become like a Handful of dust. So the lost of morality happened and sexuality has taken place of it. So it becomes a part of their life. The relationship not based on love but sexuality. So it shows shallowness in the relationship in which love becomes  the meaningless ritual in life. Lost of true feelings in the relationship that’s why the love not prevail in life. It reflects extremist attitude of human nature , terrifying life in modern time living through social, moral and religious decays of the people. The Wasteland describes the contemporary waste land as a metaphor. In the poem Eliot wrote about the story of the Fisher king. So in this story describe that according to myths either king runs of the holy chapel or the act resulted into his impotency and brought and bareness of his country. So here Eliot give the example of Fisher king which is appropriately describe the state of modern society. Also it address modern problems like war ,  industrialisation abortion and urban life and at the same to participate into literary traditions. 

   So the first three parts deals with the various facts of the contemporary time with a serious disappointment. So it shows the human fall by converting God’s earth into the wasteland. In the last two parts of the poem try to reestablishment of foundation of the life on the basis of spiritual values. So Eliot wants to show the into intolerable life of human and it reaches towards dead end into this material world. 

        In the first part of the poem “ The Burial of the dead “ modified dramatic monologue in which describes four speakers. They find themselves surrounded by dead people and imprisoned by wars.  

April  is the cruellest month, breeding

Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing

Memory and desire, stirring

Dull roots with spring rain.

Winter kept us warm, covering

Earth in forgetful snow, feeding

A little life with dried tubers.

April is called the cruellest month in spite of the real fact that spring is the responsible for bringing the new life. So this line is an allusion to Chaucer ‘s Canterbury Tales. In this poem of Chaucer begins with the opposite description than Eliot. In this April describes as ‘ sweet showers ‘. So it differs from the Eliot’s views. In the poem The wasteland it suggest the dread of the natural cycle of life and death. In the line “ winter kept us warm”. It has contradictory idea of death and isolation which is associated with the winter by suggesting that it instead offering warmth and protection. 

   In A Game of Chess suggested that the sex has become a matter of moves and counter moves, intrigue and source of momentarily pleasure. There is the fashionable society woman who show all the luxury with she is surrounded , board and hysterical as a consequence. Her love also sufferers from mental vacuity and also they unable to keep even the smallest conversation with each other. Sex in the relationship consider as mechanical so the relationship becomes mechanical. It is seen between relationship of typist and Clark. In this typist gives herself to the Clark with the sense of indifference and apathy so there is no repulsion and pleasure in the relationship. So the absence of these feelings shows the sterility of the age. 

     So sexual perversion  always lead to the degeneration and decay. The sexual sins of the king Fisher and his soldiers lead towards waste his kingdom. Sexuality and violence has always been there. In the myth of Philomela ,  Philomela  was raped and her tongue was severed so that she not reveal the truth. So In these all aspects shows the present resembles the past. 

    In The Fire sermon the title has taken from the Buddha ‘s sermon. It describes a polluted river and it is a representative of spiritual degeneration and conclude with a river song and incarnation. It deals with the lust that derives the man towards destructive decision. As the title taken from sermon given by Buddha to his followers about give up the worldly desires and seek of spiritual deliverance from the earthly trivialise. So it gives a message about turn away yourself from earthly passions and desires. In this part narrator is surrounded by garbage at the beginning while he is fishing. A young woman is left alone by her lustful lover. It is the representation of the world which is full of lustful desires and passion. 

     In the next session of poem is Death by water. It is about the phebas the Phoenician man who is died by drowning into the water. It suggested that the morality and ephemerality of the life. So here it shows reality of life and attempts to shows reality of the life that death is the true reality of their life. Human being have to face death sooner or later it never matters. The one and only reality of life is death only human beings known. Later on he elucidates points by saying that “ the profit and loss”  of phlebas. He is a merchant but people not give important him after his death. So he is no longer worthily of attention when he died. So by this things Eliot addresses that all mankind should remember the destined end of  merchant. By this example of merchant it provides important message earlier to cultivating spiritual values in their lives. It should apply before the imminent hand of the death knocking at their doors of life. 

     So the life is a bridge. It is to be passed ultimately. It is up to us that we choose the rotten bridge or choose divine values and pass from the safe bridge. The ultimate reality of life is that this journey will never safe. Suffering and sorrows are part of life. So people should learn to cultivating spiritual values rather than cultivating evil passions. So the ultimate reality of human life is that human strives for nothing during their life but waiting for death. Death is the only  reality of the life. 

   In the last session of what the thunder said. It describes the quest for salvation and inner peace through three objectives. In this Eliot give the message of hope : Datta means to  give. It puts emphases on the importance of the virtue as to surrender. So in the modern age this virtue has little valued in human lives. Modern man only focused on the self interest rather than help others in their difficult times.  Dyadhvam means to sympathise. In the contemporary time we can fined the lack importance of this values in human life. People now days more regressive about the situation. They reacted more regressive way rather than think about progressively and positively and let go the things. Damyata means to controlled. So he believed that this will help to  the regeneration of present disintegrated and pessimistic society. So this way he give quotes from Upanishad. It links western world and eastern traditional world together in one parameters about life. This words symbolised three aspects of mankind. Also at last words Shanti , Shanti , Shanti. It represents hope is not gone it stills remain against of modern world. So these words hold on the promise of salvation. 

● Conclusion :  

  So Eliot tries to connect past with present time. So with the help of past experience and new one make life balanced and happy. The problem lies in the fact that the past which promotes  adherence of religious notions and the modern world which relies excessively on physical welfare rather than spiritual happiness. So they are deemed as two opposing forces in life. 

 Modern world should reach that level of maturity and cognition to accept the indispensable beliefs of tradition along with the needs of modern man. so that it can embrace the experiences and tips of past and accept them as inseparable fragments to the needs of today’s world. It, then, may witness a world of combined and at the same time the supplementary criteria which are sure to pave the path for human salvation. 

    In the contemporary time people find themselves on the position of doubt on others and uncertainty. For people of contemporary time bodily needs important rather than spiritual needs. Man is more devoted towards body rather than spirit. So it effects the life of people.  

● Resources :

https://www.enotes.com/homework￾help/describe-wasteland-by-t-s-eliot-modern￾poetry-347146
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waste_Land

Assignment of Post Colonial Literature : Themes of Black skin ,White Mask

Assignment of Post Colonial Literature : Themes of Black skin ,White Mask 

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Paper : 11 : Post colonial Literature  

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 16

Assignment  Topic :  Themes of Black Skin , white mask 

M.A (English) : Semester  -3

Enrolment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID: jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University.

● Themes of Black skin , White mask : 

● Introduction : 

Black skin, white mask is a book written by Frantz Fanon in 1952. He was a psychiatrist. Into this book he described the mental conditions of Black people. Through this book fan on shows his own experience in addition to presenting historical critical of effects of racism and dehumanisation and inherent situation of colonial people domination on human psyche. 

Black skin white mask divided into Eight  parts : 

1) The Negro and Language 

2) The Woman of Colour and the White Man 

3) The Man of Colour and the White Woman

4) The So-Called Dependency Complex of Colonized Peoples

5) The Fact of Blackness 

6) The Negro and Psychopathology 

7) The Negro and Recognition 

8) Conclusion

● Themes in Black skin , White mask : 

● Desire to be white : 

“The black man wants to be white. The white man slaves to reach a human level.”

This theme consider as the most important theme of Black skin ,  white mask. In this theme shows desire of black people to be white. Fanon also described about interracial relationship. Power plays a vital role behind this desire of black people. Because of colonial power they get nothing in their life their lives becomes meaningless and painful because of black skin. So this power lead these people to being white.

   White people have all the advantages like more opportunities and economical advantages compare to black people. So they have desire to be white only for getting this advantages in their lives and make their lives more happier and peaceful. But they can’t be white so their desire to be white not fulfill. So at that they suffers mentally through out their lives. In the bluest eye novel by Tony Morrison. In this character of Pecola  have desire for blue eyes because she not getting love from her parents but she can’t fulfill her desire and suffers through put her life. 

● Recognition by Others : 

 Black people not consider themselves black until they not recognised white people. So the white ‘ other ‘ make them realise their blackness. They imposed inferiority complex upon black people. So the identity categories always  through interaction and relationships that involved people with different social positions.

● Racist create inferiority complex : 

Both the black man, slave to his inferiority and the white man, slave to his superiority, behave along neurotic lines. As a consequence, we have been led to consider their alienation with reference to psychoanalytic descriptions.

Black people don’t naturally feel inferior. So there  sense of inferiority is produced by racist societies. Who doing discrimination of people on the basis of colours. So Because of the recognition involved in identity White people create their own sense of superiority by saying Blacks are inferior. So the society create inferiority complex into black people. They feel inferiority complex. So this racial discrimination becomes the reason inferiority  from which black people suffering. So both black and white man slave of their complexity which is inferiority and superiority complex. White suffering from superiority complex as same as black people suffering from inferiority complex. 

● Black as biological : 

The  theme throughout cultural representations of Black people. According to Fanon they are a symbol for the biological. This means that they are not thought of as thinking or feeling people but primarily as physical bodies like animals and beasts. So they all like other human beings they have a same feelings and emotions as other being have. The colour of black can be seen as a biological and environmental. Environment plays a vital role into skin colour. So it can be seen as normal thing. The consequence of  sexualisation of Black people. Reduced to their bodies, they are also reduced to the purely physical and sexual side of human life. Fanon argue that  this is why Black people are feared in European society. So black can be seen as natural rather than cruel and regressive people. Black colour also connected with bad things and it also effect lives of black people because their skin is black people consider them as cruel and monster and more regressive people. 

● Colonialism :

Black Skin, White Masks is a book about the powerful effects of colonialism on life in the 20th century people . Fanon examines colonialism’s impact on black as well as white people. Colonialism consider as the main theme. Effect of Colonialism can be seen into the mind of people.

colonized people lost their own culture, identity, and  sense of their own existence they leaving  in a state of profound alienation. Throughout the book Fanon emphasizes that black people are forced to exist into  relation or in comparison to whiteness. White people try to force their religion and culture on black people. In the novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Dafoe. Into this novel  Robinson tried to ruled over Friday. He implement his religion and culture over Friday. Friday lost his own identity when Robinson give him a name “ Friday”. Even he lost his land and freedom. So these all things can be seen as the effect of Colonialism. 

● Material and psychological oppressed :

 Black people are Material and psychological oppressed by white people. All the basic material facilities providing white people not black. They feel oppressed into the world which is surrounded by white people. Black people also psychologically oppressed they suffering from the inferiority complex. So it shows how they mentally suppressed by white people. All the opportunity and wealth and economical facilities only provide to white people. Black people have no chances to make their lives more facaliticised. 

Fanon also writes about the racism of white people through the framework of psychopathology. Into this he discussed white people’s phobic means the fear of black people. He also explains that  how this irrational fear can itself be seen as a psychological effect of colonialism. He also gives an example of a woman her fear of black people has affected her so deeply that she suffers from debilitating physicality. 

“We too often tend to forget that neurosis is not a basic component of human reality. Whether you like it or not the Oedipus complex is far from being a black complex.” 

So Fanon uses his knowledge  as a psychiatrist to extend psychological principles to black people. He described the psychological  conditions of black people. He also  highlighting the ways in which black people have starkly different psychological experiences than whites. Here he wants to show the clear difference of Oedipus complex and black complex. Being black face so much difficulties and suffering in to the life. 

● Self Image and self Hatred : 

“Hatred is not a given; it is a struggle to acquire hatred, which has to be dragged into being, clashing with acknowledged guilt complexes. Hatred cries out to exist, and he who hates must prove his hatred through action and the appropriate behaviour. In a sense he has to embody hatred.”

Black people have an image of themselves that is distorted and a very  negative image constructed by the  white colonizers. Black people experience the weight of being hated, detested, and despise by the white society. This experience leads the  feelings of shame and self-hatred. So at the result of that many black people try to become ‘more white’ and as a result it creates shame due to the hopelessness of that task to be white. So the white colonisers have destroyed the self image of black. They consider the black skin as course upon them. To get more importance and love from people they always desire for fair skin. So they lost their self love for being black. They hate themselves for being black. It happens because of  colonized subjects taught them to hate their own blackness and to distance themselves from white people. Fanon also  argues that the white western culture has no any true understanding of the experiences of black people. They only lies about black people by portering them as devil and harmful people. So as a result of that Fanon argues that it is very  difficult for black people to gain an understanding of themselves that is separate from conceptions of whiteness and therefore they also suffers by self-hatred.

● Conclusion : 

 So these are the themes of Black skin , white mask. This book is based on the psychological conditions of black people and their struggle and suffering during their life. Here we can see the effect of colonial power highly shown behind the situation of black people. They always suffer during their lives. They suffers socially,  psychological,  physical, economical. So it shows the sufferings of black into the coloniser world. White people portrayed black as uncivilised,  devil ,  regressive. So they wants to highlight their civilisation into the world by calling themselves more civilised. Into this book reflected the real conditions of. Black people as they have desire for whiteness ,  material and psychological oppressed by white people , self  hatred and  loss of self importance , suffering from inferiority complex and effect of colonialism on their lives. 

● Resources :

https://www.gradesaver.com/black-skin-white-masks/study-guide/themes

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Skin,_White_Masks