Existentialism

                       Existentialism :

This blog is part of my academic activity. To open task link click Here .

It is a philosophical theory or approach which emphasizes the existence of the individual person as a free and responsible agent determining their own development through acts of the will. In the existentialism Individual is the center rather than God. It was founded by soren Kierkguard , Nietzsche.

Video 1 : What is Existentialism?  

Kierkguard , Nietzsche , Dostoyevsky, Kafka , Shestov, Hesse, Heidegger, Sartre and Beavvoir were Existentialist philosophers. Their views differ from each other but the thing which gathering them that they have basic belief of Individuality. For all of them Individually is important.

"Believe in God consider as philosophical suicide ".Existentialist denied the idea of God Existence. This term popular among young generation because person struggling with their own views. It leads them towards suicide , anguish , absurdity, passion, death and despair.

Video 2 : Myth of sisyphus ( The absurd reasoning ) 

 One of the serious philosophical problem is Suicide. The reason behind the suicide is that person believe that his life is not worth living. It is meaningless. Life is full of absurdity. At one level of life person life filled up full of absurdity. The person judge that thing as life is not worth living. It leads him towards suicide. There is strong connection between individual thought and suicide. Because suicide comes in person mind as thought of it. That's why person finds absurdity in life and absence of any profound reason for living life. For him life is like stranger. Death becomes a strong companion. So absurdity of life consider as suicide.

Video 3 :  The myth of sisyphus  ( Philosophical suicide ) 

Philosophical suicide means Existentialist recognised the absurd but instead of embracing it they suggest to escape from it. Death is the common element in both Philosophical suicide and physical suicide. If once you recognise absurdity then you committed physical suicide but if you could denied absurdity and living in perpetual world. It consider as philosophical suicide. So avoidance of things is the reason of philosophical suicide. It based on three things :1)  A total absence of hope 2) A continual rejection 3) Conscious dissatisfaction

Faith is object of escape from things.

   " Absurd faith is a absurd escapism".

 Faith is used for make self free from absurdity. So by believe in the faith of God person loss his intellectual by not questioning the things.  It happens some time person could not able to find answers of his life and it leads him towards anxiety and absurdity of life. So make self free from it person takes help of faith for escape from it.

Video 4  : Dadaism ,  Nihilism and Existentialism 

Dadaism different from Nihilism. Both have common thing the arbitary values. Dadaism was response of world war ll. It against every value and rule. It movement of quest for change. It questions every value to overcome from it. It gives way to become free from everything and give chance to yourself by creating your own values. It based on questioning everything no matter whether  you know things or not. Question is important because after questioning the value it not reamain true anymore.  I like this thought the most that :

" The absurd doesn't frighten me because from a more elevated point of view, I consider everything in life to be absurd."

Life it mens the absurdity. Person should not afraid of it but taken it as curiosity. Question everything no matter you will get answers or not.

Video 5 :Existentialism - A gloomy philosophy 

Existentialism consider as gloomy philosophy. It based on three main aspects anxiety, despair and absurdity. It suggests the person to be free from idea of God by finding your own truth. Find your own value by judge the values and choose your own meaning of it. The most important thing is to take responsibility of your self and accept the consequences of it. Existentialism can't be connected with narcissism. Though in both self is the centre but the purpose make them differ. In narcissism self love or self effection is the center but in Existentialism searching of self , purpose of life is center and discover self is important.

Video : 7 Let's introduce Existentialism again !

Existentialism is philosophical movement. It becomes prominent after world war ll. The things which ties all existentialist philosophers together is considering with problem of living life as human being. It is based on human condition. It raises the questions like :

Why am I here ?

What does it means to be human ?

How should I live my life?

This movement is difficult because it reject all encompassing system like religious or science. It questing meaning and purpose of human life. It is very difficult to denied and create your own values and meaning of life. It difficult to questing all philosophical and religious meaning of life and create your own meaning.

  It denied divine perspective. It resistant the idea of God and belief of immorality. It reject divine perspective by creating our own believes and meaning to life. Human is the center in this idea rather than God. Person should have control over their life and live it by creating their own values and giving meaning to it and choosing purpose of life.

Video : 8 Explain like I'm five: Existentialism and Nietzsche 

In this video describe the term of Ubermensch given by Nietzsche.  It means person is free to do whatever he likes. This idea connect with free from fear of God. It shows person as superman.person can do things without any fear of God. It gives freedom to choose your own purpose and value of life , making your rules and regulations. No universal morality govern us. It makes us free from idea of God.

Video 9 :Why I like Existentialism?  Eric  Dodson

Existentialism is differs person to person. It has two sides. Intellectual side and deeper side of existential way of life. It helps us to understand life more deeply. It effect both mind and soul. It honestly looking both the sides of life light as well as dark side. Dark side of life is anxiety, death and dread. It reflects reality of life. Understand life in the terms of all that life actually is. People like existentialism because of this things:

● Honesty

● Refreshing

● Reality

● Holism

● Acceptance

● Rebellious way of thinking

● fidelity

● Strategic  irreverence

It also effects upon our day to day life.  It effects upon our thinking.  It moves beyond self experience of life. It helps us to understand things powerfully and alive. It also connect with bhuddhism idea of compassion. Suffering is not our enemy but greatest friend. We learn more from suffering.

" Learning is a gift even when pain is your teacher ."

● Things you can do to live more Existentially :

10) Questioning

9)  Relating to pictures

8) Learn  from experience

7) Claim to your power in life

6) Freedom

5) Passion

4) Inhabite the present movement

3)Recover ability to play

2)Build responsible community

1)Remember you are born in brilliant and terrifying universe

Life is like iceberg. Life is actually far deeper , far more subtle. It is beyond our imagination. The things which we can see it not actually truth it is beyond than that.

Video : 10 Let's sum up : Essentialism to Existentialism 

The crave for meaning. Meaning of things created by religion , society. We think that all the things have meaning but this idea is itself meaningless. According to Aristotal  and Plato everything has an essence including us. Essence give you purpose because you born to be a certain things.  Existentialism denied any sort of teleology. It means that God made the universe and world and us with any particular purpose in his mind. Existentialism based on the idea of " Existence precedes Essence ". It means our birth happens first and after that it is up to us to determine our self and crate our own essence.

●Which video you like the most and why ? 

I like video no 8  and video no 3. Video number 3 connects Existentialism with the Greek myth sisyphus. It describes philosophical suicide. Sisyphus was punished to roll a rock up to mountain to have roll down back from mountain when it reaches. He was so much habituated this work he could not find absurdity into it. Human life is like this. Human being so much habituate with their rutin life that they find pleasure into it. It becomes their comfort zone. They could not come out of this. So this way they committed philosophical suicide. So myth is very well connected with the philosophical idea of Existentialism.

 In video number 8 reflects idea of Ubermensch . It means human being is  free to do anything he likes . It connected with free from fear of God. Human are able to do anything. They are not govern by idea of God.

● How would you describe 'learning outcome' about this activity?

This learning activity through the watching videos help me to understand basic concept. This video help to increase my listening skills. I found many different views to understanding Existentialism. Visualising and listening the  video help me to understand it. 

Interpretation of Breath play: Samuel Beckett

   Interpretation of Breath play : Samuel Beckett 

Breath is a play written by Samuel Beckett in the 1969. It considered as a smallest play ever written. It is only about 30 second play. It also considered as experimental play. This play can be interpretated many ways. The play consider as absurd play. Here I tried to interpretate play. 

● Meaning of the Breath :

Breath means both life and death. In life it consider as the symbol  of action. Sometimes person so much habituated of breathing. Person doesn't realise its actually importance for live life. The play reflects the reality of human life. It reflects meaningless and Existentialism. Meaningless in the sense that people has no any purpose of living life. We live life just waiting for death. Breathing help us to reach ultimately death. So Breath is the symbol of Bridge between life and death. 

The script of the play:

CURTAIN Up

1. Faint light on stage littered with miscellaneous rubbish. Hold about five seconds.

2. Faint brief cry and immediately inspiration and slow increase of light together reaching maximum - together in about ten seconds. Silence and hold for about five seconds.

3. Expiration and slow decrease of light together reaching minimum together (light as in 1) in about ten seconds and immediately cry as before. Silence and hold about five seconds. 

CURTAIN Down

This script of play also consider as a script of life. The time of play 30 seconds shows that  how time fastly passes.

1) Breath by Damien Hirst :

Materialistic Earth 

Natural Earth 

In this video described materialistic things. People born in materialistic world. Earth is replaced by Materialistic garbage. It shows how people polluted natural world and turn it into Materialistic world with full of garbage like plastic , technical machines , medicines. It also shows effect of global warming. 

2) Breath - Samuel Beckett by Liana De Jourdan: 

In this video shows fresh fruits and vegetables and pesticides package of fruit juices . People eat vegetables and fruits to maintain their health. But this things are meaningless no one escape from death. These fruits and vegetables helps to live healthy life but it doesn't save us from ultimate death. Also this pesticide fruit juice harmful to human health.

3) National Theatre School First Year Technical Production Class project, production of Samuel Beckett's play Breath.

In this video shows light and garbage. Here light is the symbol of life. Garbage is symbol of meaningless like our life. Garbage made from many meaning less things. Life is also like that people do things without any meaning. This video try to interpretated into two angles. Crying of child at beginning shows birth of person and at the end shows death of person. So people come into world with crying and gone with make other crying. Child crying at birth gives happiness to others but at the end of life crying become symbol of unhappiness. It shows how the meaning of one thing changes according to situation.

4) Samuel Beckett Breath ( Modern Interpretation )

The video reflect modern ara. In this video cover life of human from birth to death. How human surrounded by materialistic things. In this shows development of science. It reflects paradox of  science and Nature. Nature shows detachment from things. People are come and gone but Nature never working according to it.  This things also seeing in human life. One person passed away so because of it others life never stops. Life goes on and on. In the world person surrounded by other humanbeings though person is alone. It also shows reality of human life. Photographs are symbol of memories people trys to preserve memory in the form of photos.In this also shows human health that how body of human depending on medicine. People controlling death with the help of science. But all these things are meaning less because death will never stop by anything. So these all things shows absurdity of life. How human life is meaningless. 

" Reflective Blog "on the teachings of Prof. Balaji Ranganathan

"Reflective Blog"on the teachings of Prof. Balaji Ranganathan

In our department of English we have a guest lectures of Prof.  Balaji Rangnathan during 14th September to 16 September. It was very fruitful sessions for us. He came from Central university of Gujrat. He deals  with The Post Colonial literature. He very well connected post colonial concept with Indian concept. Though he has high level than us because he deals with PhD scholars though he  tried to explain things in the simpler ways.

● In three days session he deals with :

1) Black skin and white mask

2) orientalism

3) A Tempest

4) Imaginary Homeland

5) preparation for NET /SET exams

● Interaction with students : 

His main focus was to interact with students rather than keep going on to explain the things. He firstly gave  us some points to thinking on it . He wanted to know students views on particular things. After listing things what students understood. He started connected it and added his views also. So for him students views also important. He also keep asking us whether we understood or not. After that he moving on other topic.

● Globalisation : 

Sir told us that this syllabus is old. He told us that we should learn about globalisation rather than post colonialism. The concept of post colonialism was appropriate for those time where the post colonialism really exist. But today situation is changed. World moved from post colonialism to Globalisation. In today's Globalisation world is based on equality. In today 's world matter of color of skin is not important. Today  power of money is important rather than knowledge. Today everyone has even opportunity to reflect their thoughts. Language plays vital role to open the door for negro people or subaltern people. So thus we see the power of language.

● Free your self from past : 

In this people  should remove or leave their past. People can use past but to understand the future. People should learn the things from past. Sir has explain psychological reason behind remember the past. People remember their past because they unhappy with their present. So by remembering good things from past person feels happy. People should moving forward with condition of presence not baggage of past.

● Concept of God in Post colonialism : 

  In this how God has described in our scriptures. God is described as white. The concept of white differs from black. White consider as color of divine and black consider as devil. We can't imagine God with negro characteristics. We think that good and merciful can't be black it only white. Color play very important role. In Indian religion Kali Goddess is with black color. She  is not worship at home. she is only worship by Aghori and  tantrik

● Historical knowledge :

Sir has great historical knowledge. He connected Indian history with post colonialism. He told about how our Indian manuscript translated by British. H.H Wilson translated Rigaveda ,  Charles Wilkinson translated Bhagvad Geeta, Hermann Jacobi translated Jaina sutra. So to know culture of India they began to translated every manuscripture into English. Sir has also powerful memory power. He can remember many things.

● Unique technique preparing for Competitive exams like NET /SET: 

Sir has also told the very appropriate way to preparing for NET/SET exams.

●collect the Database of 5000 Questions

● slove all the questions and find your level

●Found the pattern : Things you know / don't know.

● Start feeling gaps.

● Found strong / weak areas.

● start making database which you don't have / which you not good.

Sir has told us to get out from M.A. formation and look this exams as competitive exams. So the most important thing is look this exams as competitive exams. In this exams 3 things important :

1) Locate strength and weakness

2) Probability

3) Time Management

Sir has also told about prepare ourselves for interview. Sir gave  emphasis more on the original text. Second he told us to prepare in two areas which we like most. Last but very important thing sir told us to how body language play important role. Person should hold his /her self properly.

● Flexibility : 

Sir comes from Center University of Gujrat. Sir has very highly vocabulary language. We sometime not able to understand the things so he tried to explain us very simpler way so for him this thing very tough. Though he was successful in it. So he has flexibility to adjust himself. He tried his best to clarify our basic concepts.

● Power of media : 

Media plays an important role to break the larger idea of common humanity. How media control the minds of people. They showing the things to the world which they wanted to show. They portrayed Muslim as a terrorist. This thing reflected through the films and serials and  newspapers. They show Muslim as terrorist. This media has highlighted white people as very civilised and intellectual people. So this is the power of media that plays very vital role into breaking the idea of humanity. Power plays very vital role to controlling media. 

So thus it was very fruitful and knowledgeable sessions for us. He told us to learn new language like French and Chinese. Because today the world moving towards east. So to deal with China and France people need the person who knows this language. Nowadays English considering as global language. So it is used by everyone. So thus sir also get us aware about  today's condition. So it was very useful session for us. It helped us to understand the basic concepts of Post colonialism with the help of current situation. Last but not least I would like to thank you Dr Dilip Barad sir for arranged the session of Prof. Balaji Ranganathan sir.

Orientalism : Edward said

   

Orientalism : Edward said 

Orientalism is the term for depiction of aspects in the middle Eastern , south Asian and East Asian cultures. This term usually used by art historian and literary and cultural studies scholars. Edward said 's Orientalism in 1978. It described western attitude towards Middle East, Asian , North African. To see the interview of Edward said upon Orientalism click Here. 

1) Orientalism helped to create and shape entire new fields. It also used in English, history , anthropology , political science and cultural studies. It gives deep information of people of middle east people about their culture and behaviour. We come to know about them yet we never meet them. 

2) Equire knowledge doesn't make innocent and objective. The end result of that process make certain interest. 

3) Interpretation of history with the sense of give it shape. Try to search particular reason behind that history. People should not focus only proving their history great and others worst. Try to look beyond the words and try to understand. Understand not only for your self but try to read it with relation with 'others '. Understand others history as if you are understand yours. So interprete history without self affection. 

4) Image of Islam consider as terrorist and demon. It used by many countries as tool to turn away their people from inequality problems in the society. People used this image to divert the minds of people. So Islam portered as image of terror and violence. It portrayed not only in newspapers but also in television and movies.

5) Edward said had wrote the book called " Covering Islam ". It was kind of trilogy. After wrote this book he faced humiliation. People gave negative response to him. So the impression of Islam was frightening mysterious. It portrayed the main business of them was killing Americans. So in front of world there is more threating picture of Islam. It shows the power of media that how media convince the world about Islam. 

6) Orientalism stress upon the Separation of people. We should over come from it. This kind of threat must be destroyed because the situation in Palestine and Islam were example of complex and bloody history of middle east. So the 21 century also facing the same problem. People constantly live in threat whether they live together in peace and reconciliation with their differences of cultures and religion or live apart  in fear and hating each other. They have constantly threat of war. So we should focus on slove these difficult issues in more human way rater than fighting with each other. 

Film review : Midnight's children and The Reluctant Fundamentalist from post colonial point of View

       Review of the films : Midnight's children and Reluctant Fundamentalist from Post colonial point of view : 

●  Post - colonialism :

Postcolonialism  focusing on the human consequences of the control and exploitation of colonised people and their lands. It focuses on critical analysis of history, literature and culture etc.

1) Midnight 's Children :

Midnight's children novel written by Salman Rushdie. The novel described India 's transition from British colonialism to Independence and partition of India. There was  also a film based on novel Midnight's children which was  directed by Deepa Mehta. Though screenplay was written by Salman Rushdie yet film was not good as Novel. Let's see the review of film from post colonial aspects.

Midnight's Children has a major importance and significance as post colonialism because of intertwine three major themes : The creation and telling of history , creation of telling of nation and individual identity and the creation of telling of stories. In the movie shows difficulties in assigning one point of national and personal origin , problem in determining one's personal and national history and impossibility of finding and achieving personal and national Authentic identify.

● Hybridity : 

 Midnight's children remain represents hybridity. The relationship between others midnight children with whom saleem was able to communicate. They all belonged to different cultures and state.  But all were connected because all these born in midnight of independence day 15 August 1947. All had special powers because of it. They able to discussed their different gifts and talents. It was also social and cultural by hybridisation.

●Hybridity in Identity :

Film also depicts Hybridity in identity.  Marry a nurse was actually Hindu but she forced to be Christian. Saleem was son of vanita  Hindu woman and Methwold British man. He grown up in Muslim Family.  On the other hand shiva was son of

Mumtaz Muslim woman and Ahemand Muslim man. He grown up in Hindu family. Adam was son of Shiva and Parvati. So we can identify hybrid entity.  Because of this different identity saleem has gone through difficulties.

● Magic realism :

  Magic realism becomes a frame work in the film.  Saleem was born at midnight of 15 August 1947 at the exact movement when India gained its freedom and independence from British rules. He later on discovered all the children born in India between 12 AM to 1 AM  were gifted with the special powers. Saleem has power to gathering all the children. As like all children has their own special powers. Parvati has power of disguised any one. She has power like black magic. She used this power to save saleem and save her child Adam by hiding them in the basket. Saleem has special power to call all midnight's children with the power of Nose. All these things happened in the real world.  These all midnight's children were also a symbol of Intellectuals.because of this they were different from others.

● Growth of India and Saleem :

In this film shows Saleem was born in the midnight of Independence day. So it's new beginning of India. India has born like free child. Both India and saleem got new life. But somehow both India and saleem faced many problems that time. India divided into two nation India and Pakistan. Lost its own identity. Same happened with saleem he was also separated from his parents and grown in other culture. He also lost his own identity.  Later on its shows how both face struggles for saving their lives. Later on show the development of both. India development in science inform of ' Pokhran'. In other side shows saleem 's mental development. Like this film shows Growth of India and Saleem. But at many points shows India still remained young in the form of proclaimed emergency. People were not free to do things after independence.  So the growth of India remain zero after its independence.

● Juxtaposition :

 In the film we see the juxtaposition. In India shows used and believes in Black pMagic. Parvati doing black magic she called it her special power.  But it was a form  of black magic. At the same time shows the development of India in science in form of ' Pokhran '. It shows black magic and science together at the same time.

● Symbol of chutney :

 Chutney is made from different things it's a mixture of many things. In the Chutney every ingredient lost their own identity. So  saleem was a mixture identity. He was son of Hindu woman and English Man. He grown up in Muslim family. It shows different identity of person. Midnight's children were also symbol of Chutney. They all belonged to different cultures and religion. But when they meet togather they only called as midnight's children. They lost their own identity.

● Politics : Proclaimed emergency in India  :

Midnight's children portrait Indira Gandhi in the Negative way.  She had  proclaimed emergency and her son Sanjay had cleansing of Jama masjid slum. They were destroyed slum area. For them nation comes first rather than people. All the midnight's children prison. They face many difficulties. They tried to killed them. Because midnight's children had special powers. They also called as intellectual people. They do vasectomy of all midnight children. Indira Gandhi do all this things because she wanted to gained power. Her lust of power destroyed the lives of midnight's children.

2) The Reluctant Fundamentalist :

This film based on the novel ' The Reluctant Fundamentalist ' written by Mohsin Hamid.  Film was directed by Mira Nair. It was the story of impact of 9/11 attack .  It shows one Pakistani man and his treatment given by American in reaction to him. It was the story of changez khan. He loved America. Once In America Al Queda attack happened. They  suspected that  Pakistan had do that attacked. Because he was Muslim police and everyone treated him very badly. So it's shows because he was Muslim people consider him as terrorist.

● Doubt on dignity  :

Changez khan loved America though he belongs to other country he had love for America. He was suspected as terrorist after the 9/ 11 attacked on America. Because he was Muslim people constantly doubt on him. Police of America also doubt on his dignity he many times told that he loved America and he worked there from many years. Though people doubt on his dignity. People looked him as not individual person but as Pakistani. 

● New York and  The Reluctant Fundamentalist Scene : 

     High Melodrama VS Subtle Art : 

● New York scene : 

In this scene F.B.I  portrayed in the Negative way. They kidnapped John Abraham. They screeched his cloths and locked him with chair. They treat him like prison. They beating him. So in this sense it shows exaggeration of emotions , loudness , High Melodrama. It portrayed American F. B. I. Very badly.

● The Reluctant Fundamentalist scene :

 This scene was opposite of the other one. In this scene shows reality rather than Melodrama. In this scene everything goes in the normal way. Everything happened very silently but it shows deep impact on the Changez khan. Though he was not so much mistreated by Police but within himself he felt deep insult. 

● Reaction  of Changez khan : 

 During the interview with Bobby. Bobby asked him what he was felt when twice tower falling down in America. At that time he replied him very interesting way he told him that : 

         " I am not glad as people died in America as you not glad 1,00, 000 people died in Baghdad. "

So he wanted to say that he was  obviously happy at that time. As same they were happy during Baghdad incident when many Muslim were died. It's portyed real expression of him. 

● Employment by Americans : 

America gave employment to other countries intelligent persons. They used these intellectual people for their benefits. They also using them against their country. Changez khan also worked for American company they used him. So western people gives job to destroy their culture. So through it reflected their selfishness. They used other countries intelligent people for destroyed their culture. So it happened with Changez khan also but later on he realised and quit his job. 

● Bobby as spy : 

 Bobby was American spy. He went Pakistan as professor. Anse Rainier was American professor at Lahore university. So Bobby takes changez khan 's interview whom he thinks suspected in the kidnapping of Anse Rainier. It showed American 's mentality towards Pakistan ( Muslims ) . They have not any proves that Changez has kidnapped Anse  though he tried to framed him in the kidnapping by hook or crook. So it shows because Changez khan was Muslim they consider as him  a terrorist. Later on Bobby realised that Changez was innocent. But he realised after he killed Changez 's brother. It shows that how American doubt on anyone without any proof. 

Reflection on three days interaction with Prof. J.H.Khan

  Three days interaction with Prof.J.H. Khan Sir :

In our Department of English we have three days guest lecture from 16 August to 18 August by Prof J.H. Khan. Lectures taken by him was very fruitful and knowledgeable for all of us. Sir talked on NET /SET and ELT. He is ELT specialist.He has a deep knowledge about ELT.

Three days Interaction :

1)  Day 1 :

1. Development preceding the Down of the millennium

2. NET / SET

 So on the first day sir talked about the inventions. There are many invention by researchers and scholars. But people don't know how to use it. This inventions are for betterment of society but it puts in the wrong hands. People started misusing these invention for selfish motives.

 Inventions in communication and technology have facilated, communication and improve access but it brought never challenges.

  Sir also talked about knowledge that knowledge must make you confidence.  But the most important thing is are we creating knowledge?  Because in PHD allows only 25 % creativity. So it should not happen university must be flexible, innovative and creative. It must be attractive to talented students. It has been ability to compete and motivation to excel. The best of the talent in forms of students and teachers. Students should ability to complete with themselves and others. In oder to gain the knowledge you have to seek it.

● Curriculum has to change / possible responser:

1. Curricula : constantly updated

2. Mode of instruction : change from beginning , learner oriented

3. Quality of Material : Current and learns through logic perhaps in e-forms , freedom for teachers to design their own course

4. Mode of assessment : " ability to learn by root ".

● Teaching Skills :

•  Communication skills 
•  Self confidence 
•  Self discipline 
•  Problem solving analysis 
•  Interpersonal skills
•  ICT Skills 
•  Team working 
•  Flexibility 
•  Critical skills : critical thinking 
•  Creativity 
•  Collaboration 
•  Develop habit of slef critical 
•  Ability to laughing on our own self 
•  Intellectual property rights 
• Eye contact , facial expressions, paralanguage 

 These skills required for teachers. In education system we have many problems like education is made for mass rather than class. It's importance is decrease nowadays. Education is for money. It effected on teaching and learning. So it needs adequately trained teachers. 

● NET/ SET  interaction : 

During NET / SET interaction sir has talked about how to read and what to read , which type of books appropriate for reading , preparation for exam. In reading thinking ,  reflecting analysis and interpretation is important. Sir has also given us one task to answer five questions. 

2) Day 2 :

1. Invitation of ELT in higher education

2. English for specific purpose  ( ESP) : The Academic

 

● Initiation and need for it :

   Initiation is the process of formally introducing someone to knowledge or skills related to an area of specialisation.

● What is ELT?

  ELT is a broad term. Language is product of culture. ENL Means English as a  native language, ESL means English as second language and EFL means English as first language. These all are part of ELT.

● Concerns in ELT :

What to teach ?

When to teach what ?

How to teach ?

Why to teach ?

What methodology  to use ?

What material to use ?

 

   In learning make sure to unlearn what you learn and teach what should you learn. In teaching it is important to see why it important and what concern it fits with subject. Use different methods. Teacher should use appropriate materials according to the level of learning of students. Difference in the methods that method which used in school level it doesn't used in the college level.

   Learners have lack of creativity. The solution of these problem is assignment should be creative. Materials has to self excess. Refine learners language. Education should beyond the schools. It also called as " tertiary education". It referred as higher education.

● ELT courses at tertiary level :

1) General English as compulsory English

2) ESP business English

3) English in science and Engineering

4) language and communication

● Language :

1. Sound  / orthography

2. Grammar

3. Meaning

1) sound / orthography :

1.Phonetic : how to articulate sound

2.Phonology : it shows difference between two sounds

3.Graphetics : study of writing system of language

4.Graphology : study of structure and systematic pattern

2) Grammar :

1. Lexes words in the lexicon : lexicon of given language

Diction : pronounce the words

Cockny dialect : language pronounce in lower class

2. Morphology word formation

3. Syntax organisation

● Principle of learning :

• Preparedness to learn 
• Comforting feeling 
• Active learner participation 
• Immediate positive reinforcement 
• Learn by imitation 
• Understanding part of whole relationship 
• Use structure , material and activities 
• Developing for competition 

 Learning is change in form of growth or change in person which is manifest as new models or patterns of behaviour.

" teaching it is difficult to define for it has remained least developed."

3) Day 3 :

1. English for academic purpose

2. Assessment and  evolution

● English for academic purpose :

" English for Academic purpose is the case with all English for specific purpose, can be considered to be an example of communicative language teaching par excellence ."

● Communication :

Communication is the task to be performed.  The main message is to communicate with learners. Positions of listener and speaker should interchanging. In this the main focus should on learners.

Academic writing  belongs to English for Academic purpose.

● Depersonalisation :

    Speaker should be disconnected with personal norms. It should be Depersonalisation. Agree and disagreement is important. Focus should be Using English language only.

● Academic writing :

 Academic writing it doesn't means using only complex words and high language with high vocabulary. But it can also be in the simple words.

1. Done on the basis of any source:

       Learner also get help of articals , theories and presentation. Sources can help learner to learn deeply.

2. Comprehension :

      It should be objective rather than subjective. 

● English for Literary purpose : 

1. Language of poetry 

2. Language of Drama 

   So it was very fruitful intreaction with prof. J. H. Khan sir. All these points were covered by Sir. Also Sir has gave us deep information about ELT. It helps us to understand the basic concept of ELT.  Sir also talked about power of teacher. Teacher has ability to make students lives beautiful or ruined. One good teacher makes hunderd students life beautiful. Also one bad teacher ruined hundred lives. He /She also seen as life giver or destroyer. 

Thinking activity : To The Lighthouse

      Thinking activity : To the Lighthouse 

1. How can you explain that 'what' Virginia Woolf wanted to say (for example, the complexity of human relationship, the everyday battles that people are at in their relationship with near and dear ones, the struggle of a female artist against the values of middle/upper class society etc) can only be said in the way she has said?

Virginia Woolf was a great writer. She had very well used stream of consciousness technique into the  novel To The Lighthouse. Through this technique she examine human 's life. This technique gives freedom to read people 's mind. It focuses on subjectively looking the things. Through this technique Virginia Woolf express her inner conflict and struggling. It also considered her auto biographical novel. She described the struggling which going on in the real life.

●Complexity of human relationship :

Woolf described the complexity and struggle going on between human. She uses the stream of consciousness technique for expressing human emotion and feeling. Which keeps going  on changing. The complexity finds between  relationship of  Mr ramsay and Mrs Ramsey. They both were opposite from each other like two sides of one coin. Both have different perspective of looking life.

“Yes, of course, if it’s fine tomorrow,” said Mrs Ramsay. “But you’ll have to be up with the lark,” she added.

This lines were spoken by Mrs Ramsay to James. James want to go light house. He told her mother.So she told him that they will going to Lighthouse tomorrow. For made her son happy she spoke lie to him. So Mrs Ramsay believed that " happiness is more important than truth ".

  

“But,” said his father, stopping in front of the drawing-room window, “it won’t be fine.”

These lines spoken by Mr Ramsay who decided to not going to Lighthouse. Because the weather was not good. He told his son truth instead of lie because he wanted to preparing his children for future. He never speak lie. He wanted to prepared his children  to fight with cruel world.  So for him " Truth is more important ".

 Woolf also described the complexity between Lily Briscoe and Charles Tansley. Charles believed that woman can't paint or write. Lily believed that women can do painting and writing also. So this thing created the complexity between their relationship.

       The complexity between father and children relationship,daughter and Mother relationship, complexity between two different womanhood Lily and Mrs Ramsay. Mrs Ramsay has Victorian womanhood and Lily has Modern womanhood.

●Struggle of female artist :

Woolf had describe her conflicts and struggles through the character of Lily Briscoe. She goes through inner struggle with herself  and outer struggle with the values of the society. She faced  humiliation  from Mrs Ramsay and Charles Tansley. They thought that painting is the profession of Men not women. Through the stream of consciousness technique Woolf expressed the struggle of Lily Briscoe.

Then why did she mind what he said? Women can’t write, women can’t paint—what did that matter coming from him, since clearly it was not true to him but for some reason helpful to him, and that was why he said it? Why did her whole being bow, like corn under a wind, and erect itself again from this abasement only with a great and rather painful effort? She must make it once more.

So Tansley believed that women can't paint because in painting need objective point  view to looking the things where as women has subjective point of view. Also Mrs Ramsay told her to get married instead of living alone. For her marriage was most important than following the passion.  So through this Woolf shows the struggle of Lily who wanted to follow her passion instead of getting married and going household works. Through this character Woolf described her struggle as a artist.

  

2. Do you agree: "The novel is both the tribute and critique of Mrs. Ramsay"? 

Yes the Novel is both tribute and critic of Mrs Ramsay. It is both critic and tribute to the enduring power of Mrs Ramsay.

●Tribute of Mrs Ramsay :

In the  Novel Mrs Ramsay described as ideal woman. She was a wonderful hostess. She has all the quality of ideal Indian women. In Indian mythology describe the definition of ideal woman through the Sanskrit shlok.

Karyeshu dasi, Karaneshu manthri; Bhojeshu mata, Shayaneshu rambha; Kshamayeshu dharithri, Roopeshu lakshmi; Satkarma yukta, Kuladharma pathni

So Mrs Ramsay has all these qualities she taking care of her husband and children. She satisfied her husband's ego by praising him. She supported her husband. She facing struggling with her husband 's diffident moods. She was a wonderful hostess. Her art was food and decorating the house. She taking care of each and every person of the house. She has a kind and sympathic nature. She has empathy towards Lighthouse family. After her death she still lived into the mind of family members. From  the beginning to end she was presented into the novel.

    Lily 's painting describe the conflict. Mrs Ramsay don't like that women do painting. Lily wanted to prove that women can do  painting. So she drowned the picture of Mrs Ramsay. If she don't drowned pictures indirectly Mrs Ramsay wins. But drowning painting of Mrs Ramsay it gives tribute to Mrs Ramsay.

Also she compared with pagan myths. Mrs Ramsay considered as Mother Goddess. It symbolised women as center of universe.

●Critic of Mrs Ramsay :

The novel also describes Mrs Ramsay critically. In the novel the main focus was going to the Lighthouse which not full filled until Mrs Ramsay was lived. After her death James and other family members went to Lighthouse. Prue followed her mother advice to get married and occasionally she died from following her mother wish and advice. So Mrs Ramsay became responsible for her daughter 's death. She considered as a Negative force. Family integration not possible while she lived. It possible after her death.Mr Carmichael don't wrote anything while she was lived. After her death he became successful.  James goes to the light house after her death. She looking herself with centrality of the house. Her own presence harming entire family. She was bridge between father and children but she was also a bridge to keep allowed few people to crossing it.

       

3. Considering symbolically, does the Lighthouse stand for Mrs. Ramsay or the narrator (Virginia Woolf herself who is categorically represented by Lily)?

Lighthouse is stands for Mrs Ramsay. She stood strongly as Lighthouse. She was compared with the  light of lighthouse. She considered as a guiding star and harbour emotinal safety of other guest and family members of the summer house. Also she stands through out the novel in the window she presents through the dialogues and inner thoughts. After her death she was presented into the mind of the character like Lily and Mr Ramsay. So she stands center of the novel as lighthouse stands at the center of the sea.

4. In the article by Joseph Blotner, two myths are patterned together. Name the myths? How they are zeroed down to the symbols of 'Window' and 'Lighthouse'? How does the male phallic symbol represent feminine ? 

Mrs Ramsay was compared with pagan myths. She considered as Greek Goddes. In these myths women is not only center of the house but center of the universe. Feminine principles is more important than masculine principles.

1) Chronus and Rhea Myth :

  

In this myth Chronus and Rhea had six children. Gaia and Uranus told Cronus that just as he had overthrown his own father.He was destined to be overcome by his own child.So as each of his children was born Cronus swallowed them. Rhea, Uranus and Gaia devised a plan to save the last of them Zeus. Rhea gave birth to Zeus.She gave Cronus a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes. He swallowed that stone and think that he killed his child. But Zeus already saved by his mother Rhea. So here in the novel Rhea compared with Mrs Ramsay , Chronus compared with Mr Ramsey and Zeus compared with James. As Rhea protected Zeus from physical harm so like that Mrs Ramsey tried to guard James from physiological wounds.

2) Myth of Gaia and Uranus :

 In this myth Gaia forced her son chronus to killed his father Uranus. He killed his father and overthrown his kingdom. So here Indirectly Mrs Ramsay compared with Gaia. But she don't force her son to killed him. Uranus compared with James. Who always thought to killed his father who never full filled his wishes and rudely behaved with him.

"Had there been an axe handy, a poker, or any weapon that would have gashed a hole in his father’s breast and killed him, there and then, James would have seized it. "

3) Myth of Oedipus :

Oedipus killed his father accidently and married his mother. So it told the attraction between mother and son. In this novel described  relationship between mother and son. James didn't like his father because he feels insecurity he thinks that his father taken away his mother from him. He heated his father so much that sometimes he wish to killed his father.

"Had there been an axe handy, a poker, or any weapon that would have gashed a hole in his father’s breast and killed him, there and then, James would have seized it. "

5. What do you understand by the German term 'Künstlerroman'? How can you justify that 'To The Lighthouse' is 'Künstlerroman' novel? 

Künstlerroman deals with the youth and development of an individual. It talks about inner growth of any artist. The novel itself is the example of Künstlerroman. In this novel shows the growth of Virginia Woolf as writer. She expressed her inner thought through the stream of consciousness technique. It shows her inner development. 

●Inner Development of Lily and Mr Carmichael :

It also shows inner growth of Lily Briscoe.   Who became successful for achieving her vision. She struggling a lot for achieving her vision. In the starting of novel she draw a picture of Mrs Ramsey and James but she felt it incompleted. But at the last after death of Mrs Ramsey . Through the imagination of her she portraited her. So it shows her mental and inner growth that she became successful to achieving her vision.

It was done; it was finished.

Yes, she thought, laying down her brush in extreme fatigue, I have had my vision.

 Like this Mr Carmichael also became successful writer. He was also unable to write anything but at the end he also became successfull and famous writer into his society.

6. "... the wages of obedience is death, and the daughter that reproduces mothering to perfection, including child-bearing, already has on her cheeks the pallor of death. One reminded here of various texts by Lucy Irigaray, in which she attacks mothers for being, however unwillingly, accomplices in the patriarchal system of oppression." (Viola). In light of this remark, explain briefly Lily's dilemma.

Lily Briscoe and Mrs Ramsay has different perspective to looking the life. Mrs Ramsay thinks that to be marry is good thing instead of be single. But Lily likes freedom she don't want to marry. She just wants to follow her passions. She struggling a lot to following her dreams and passions. She never liked to satisfied man ego by praising him. After the death of Mrs Ramsay she know that Mr Ramsay need sympathy towards her but she never tried to full fill his ego. She has different vision towards life.

7.  the 'beginning' and the 'ending' of the novel and the film adaptation of the novel directed by Colin Gregg. 

    

There are many different between film  and novel. In the novel has alagical tone , not much out door scenes and most importantly it based on stream of consciousness technique. Where as in the film it has not following alagical tone ,  more outdoor scenes, most important it didn't follow stream  of consciousness technique. It is not much faithful to writing. Before watch film it is important to read novel. It becomes easy to understand film.

●Different beginning :

 the novel starts with the talk between Mrs Ramsay and James where as in the film shows family going outside. So the plot of film and novel is not same. The tone is same but the incident is not happens in the same chronology.

●Different in ending :

Novel is based not the steam of consciousness techniques but in the film it doesn't happened. In the film doesn't shows much more  the inner thoughts of the characters. In the novel reader feels bored and confused because of  this technique. In the film it doesn't feel bored while watching it. At the end in the novel shows inner thoughts of James and cam who observing their father while he was reading a book. So it describes what is going on the characters mind but in the film it doesn't show this thing. Also the inner conflict of Lily described in the novel what she felt while painting. The struggle she felt while drowning picture of Mrs Ramsay. But it doesn't shows in the film.

In the film at the end Lily complete the painting and achieved her vision after that she going into her bedroom and consider her self as a fool. While in the novel this thing doesn't happened. Novel ends with Lily's achieving her vision.

8. How do you interpret the last line of the novel  with reference to the ending of the film ? 

 The ending of the movie and film same that it ends with painting of Lily. But in the both film and novel Lily spoke different lines which shows different point of view of her.

●Last lines of Novel :

" It was done; it was finished.

Yes, she thought, laying down her brush in extreme fatigue, I have had my vision."

So in this lines Lily become successful to achieved her vision. So here is the vision is more important for her. She didn't achieved that vision before she painting. But after so much inner thinking she finally got her vision. After achieving her vision she so much get tired not physically but mentally. She thinks a lot about Mrs Ramsey to get her emotions into her painting. So she constantly thinking of her while painting. Finally she become successful to get Mrs Ramsey 's emotions into her painting. She constantly thought about her but she doesn't effect herself while thinking her. Her perspective towards life remains different than Mrs Ramsey.

●Last line of Film :

After the final stroke on the canvass with finishing touch, Lily walks inside the house. As she goes ante-chamber, the light and dark shade makes his face play hide-and-seek. She climbs stairs, puts her brush aside, walks through the dark and light to enter her room. Gently closes the door - speaks: "Closed doors, open windows" - lies on the bed and with some sort of satisfaction utters: "Dearest Briscoe, you are a fool"

In the film Lily constantly thought about Mrs Ramsey. She wanted to become like Mrs Ramsey. After doing painting she goes into the room. She telling her self Fool that she was a fool who thinks to become like Mrs Ramsey. She lots her own vision and freedom to looking life. She forgot her own self and her own values. She telling her self fool because whom she was considered as fool Mrs Ramsey. Who remains servant of the house and not following her own passions. But she herself thinking Mrs Ramsey too much and wanted to becoming like her. So in that way she was also a fool. She losted her own way to looking the life.

9. What does the catalogue named as 'Army and Navy' signify? What does cutting of 'Refrigerator'  signify?

●Army and Navy signifies :

Army and Navy signifies both war  and consumerism. Consumerism shows important of the money in women life. Money is important for women to become free. So the money is the main source of freedom for women. It gives women better opportunity to grow and get respect. Armysignifies the blood and murder. It reflects in the character of James who wants to killed his father.

●Refrigerator signifies : 

Refrigerator is preserver of the things. It not allow to happen the natural process of Nature. It has dual paradox as a preserver and technology. It is symbol of change and preserving human culture. It associated with Mrs Ramsey with the role of preserver of culture. She not allowing to change anything. She changing and shaping her children mind. Her approach for son is different from daughters. She wants her daughter to be strong supporter of Men. She don't want that the modern thoughts effect  her family so she tried to preserving traditional thoughts.

10. Why did Virginia give such prominence to the tale of the “Fisherman’s Wife”? In particular, why did she weave such a misogynist tale into the fabric of a book which so eloquently challenges received patriarchal notions about the roles and capabilities of women?

In the story of Fisherman’s wife. Wife is always demanding to her husband. So it shows that women has not any right to demand. Demanding women consider as harmful women. It shows how women is portrayed into the literature. In the novel it happens opposite that Mr Ramsey has demanding Nature. Who always demands her wife to sympathise towards him and satisfied his male ego by praising his works and knowledge. It shows the different type of nature of women . In this Mrs Ramsey not depended on her husband. But her husband was depending on her.

11. How is India represented in 'To The Lighthouse'?

In the novel India represented six times.

1".There were all the places she had not seen; the Indian plains; she felt herself pushing aside the thick leather curtain of a church in Rome "

Here is India became a place of desire. It seems that she had not visited India. Only she heard about it. So it become desire to visit India. 

2. "They had all the trays of her jewel-case open. The gold necklace, which was Italian, or the opal necklace, which Uncle James had brought her from India; or should she wear her amethysts?"

India is famous for its jewellery, spices, Gold and other things during that time. India was also know as " soneki chidiya". So the jewellery  of India was famous. It considered as pride.