The Figurative Language : I.A.Richard

 

     I.A. Richard 's Practical criticism written in 1929.He experiments on the students to gave them poems without their title and author 's name. He gave suggestions, comments and interpretation. His criticism gave new path to litrary criticism.

      Instead of impressionistic criticism  it became factual and science. In his Matgodology a lot of importance is given to the "words".

        He believed that poet writes to communicated and language is become a way of communication. Language is made of words. A study of word is all important. If we are to understand the meaning of art.words carry four kinds of meaning :

1.Sense : The items reffred by a writer.

2.Feelings : Feeling refers to emotions. Emotional attitude, will, attitude, desire, pleasure, displeasure.

3.Tone: Tone is writers attitude to his readers or audience.

4.Intention : It is writers aim which may be conscious or unconscious. It refres to the effect that he tries to produced.

● Two use of language:

1. Scientific use

2. Emotive use

   In this scientific use of language is usually matter of fact. All the activies covers by this use require undistorted references and absence of fiction. In this use of language true or false. This reference should be correct and logical.

    In this emotive language truth and logical argument not necessary. In this referential use of language by butterfly or cloud etc.

● Four types of misunderstanding :

1) Misunderstanding of sense of poetry  (careless, intuitive reading )
2) Over -literal reading -Prosaic reading.
3) Defective scholarship - inappropriate metaphor
4) Difference in meaning of words in prose and poetry.

Kala Chashma from Baar Baar Dekho: 

      It is a new version of superhit Punjabi song “Tenu Kala Chasma Jachda Hai”. The song is recreated by popular rapper Badshah and features vocals by Amar Arshi & Neha Kakkar.





तेनू कला चश्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते
तेनू कला चश्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा एह गोरे मुखड़े ते

सड़को पे चले
जब लड़कों के दिलों में
तू आग लगा दे बेबी फिरे
नकली सी नखरे तू करें
जब देखे हूमें झूती लाइयर!

कला कला चश्मा जज्दा तेरे मुखड़े पे
जैसा कला तिल जचता है तेरे चीन पे
अपनी अदाओं से ज़्यादा नही तो
दस बारे लड़के तो
मार ही देती होगी दिन में

तुझ जैसे छातिस फिरते है
मेरे वरगी और ना होनी वे
वरगी और ना होनी वे

तू मुंडा बिलखुल देसी है
मैं कटरीना तो सोहनी वे

हाए मैं फेड उप हो गया मुंडेया 2
सुन्न सुन्न के तेरे दुख दे वे

मैनउ कला चश्मा
हो मैनउ कला कला कला..
हो मैनउ कला चश्मा जज्ता आए
जाच दा है गोरे मुखड़े ते
मैनउ कला चश्मा जज्ता आए
जाच दा है गोरे मुखड़े ते

 सडको पे चले
जब लड़कों के दिलों में
तू आग लगा दे बेबी फिरे

ओ मैनउ ओ मैनउ..
नकली सी नखरे तू करें
जब देखे हूमें झूती लाइयर

हो मैनउ कला चश्मा
ओ मैनउ कला काला चश्मा
आए कला चाछमा
ओ कला कला कला कला..

कला चश्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते
तेनू कला चस्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते

मैनउ कला चश्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते
तेनू कला चस्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते
 
 ● Misunderstanding in the language :
         
        So in this song lover talking about his beloved beauty. Lover says that the balck glasses is looking nice on her face.But it is not true that black glasses only looking nice on fair face. In this lover compare the  mole which is on her face is like stain on the Moon. So he compare mole with stain and Moon with her beautiful face.

       In the line "सडको पे चले जब लड़कों के दिलों में
तू आग लगा दे " So in this line talking about that she puts boys hearts on fire. So how it can be possible that she can put fire on the boys heart. It is impossible thing.

     In the next lines " अपनी अदाओं से ज़्यादा नही तो
दस बारे लड़के तो मार ही देती होगी दिन में ". In this talking about that with her style she must kill at least 10 or 12 boys in a day. It is so ridicules how it can be possible that girl kills 10 or 12 boys in a day with her style.
 
      So this thing make us to  misunderstanding the song. With the non believeable thing like put fire on hearts and killing boys with her style. So it is meaningless and useless song. It is only entertainment at all.
   
   

Thinking activity on Frankenstein

●Thiking activity on Frankenstein : 

1) What are some major difference between Movie and the Novel Frankenstein?   

Answer : 

           The Major difference between Movie and Novel is : 

 ● In the novel the Monster wants revenge on all the society because of his condition that people consider him different because of he is ugly and dangerous person for others.While in the movie Monster only wants revenge from Victor and his family.

 ● In the novel Henry was friend of Victor since childhood. But in the Movie he meet Victor at University. 

 ● In the novel Victor destroy the female Monster before he finished it but in the Movie female monster killing her self. 

  

2) Did this Movie helps you in understanding the plot of the novel ? 

Answer :  

        Yes , this movie definitely help me to understand the whole plot.This movie includes the whole things which describes in novel and presenting very appropriately. Because of this thing I find interest in this novel by watching this movie. 

3) Who you think is real Monster? 

Answer:

     I think Victor is the real monster. Because of his pride of knowledg ,his selfishness and craving of knowledge. He wants to creating life from inanimate body parts. Though he was warned many times by professor. After creating monster he neglected from his parental duty to protect him and to teach him morality. He leaving him alone and he doesn't care about it .The Monster not possess the quality of Monster but the society and unresponsible Victor make him Monster. Victor was selfish , neglected his duty towards his creation and his excessive pride of knowledge make him the real monster of this novel in the real sense. 

4) From where Mary shelley get idea of this novel Frankenstein ? 

Answer :

     Mary shelley get this idea in the preface of 1831 addition of novel shelley wrote that the idea first came to her in the summer of 1816 where she stayed in a manor on Lake Geneva with her future husband Percy Bysshe Shelley and the writers Lord Byron and John Polidori. Byron suggested that each of them write ghost story. So she get first idea of novel Frankenstein.

5) Do you think that the search of knowledge is dangerous and destructive?  

Answer :

       Yes, when you have used the knowledge in wrong way so it becomes dangerous and destructive. For example Victor has Knowledge but he uses the knowledge in the wrong way by creating a Monster. Though he was warn by the professor.Because of the wrong use of knowledge ultimately responsible for the death of his family members and himself also. So this way search of knowledge is dangerous and destructive. 

6) What are some myths used by Mary shelley in the Frankenstein?  

Answer : In Mary shelley 's Frankenstein there are three myths used by Mary shelley:

  1) The myth of Narcissism 

  2) The myth of Prometheus 

  3) The myth from bibal 

7) write about the Narratology of Frankenstein. 

  

Answer :

  Frankenstein is written from frame narrative technique. It means the story  with in the story. First the captain Walton writing letters to his sister about his adventure. Then second the Frankenstein meets Walton and tells his story to Walton. The third is the Monster tells his adventure story to Victor. So it is story with in the story with different narrative perspective of Victor and Monster. 

Psychological analysis of Frankenstein

●Psychological analysis of Frankenstein : 

● Introduction : 

Mary shelley 's Frankenstein is an entertaining novel. It is a mental development of each of characters through out the story. The best way to display such a psychological process is to compare events and thoughts. 

    

● Sigmund Freud theory : 

Sigmund Freud theory is bases on the three Id , Ego, Super-Ego.

1) Id:  Id is shows through primitive action of certain characters those that involve little judgement and rely on instinct rather than informed decision.       

 

2)  Ego : The Ego can be observed through basic thoughts and decisions that made without the influence of conscience. 

3) Super - Ego :  The Super -Ego is in fact conscious thought itself often it characrist by the guit or other feelings that comes as a result of Id and Ego. 

    

● Psychological analysis of Frankenstein :  

                   

1) Id : 

        Id is most commonly applied to instinctual action. Id is probably the least prevalent of the three in Frankenstein. It plays a major role in shaping the characters most specially Frankenstein 's monster.

      The Monster finds himself satisfying his Id by teaching himself the basic mens of living and human actions. These skills gives him what he needs to live and obtain his necessities. Id is associated with primitive inhuman desires. Frankenstein 's Monster takes on bestial and primitive image.

2) Ego :

      Ego is applied to the organized and realistic part of character 's mentality and unlike Id requires judgement and next level thinking.

      Victor Frankenstein 's willing development into a scientifically learned being. He wants to creating life from inanimate body parts.it shows the more advanced and yet still some what surface. Through the process of and Ego influenced being.

      Additionally Frankenstein 's Ego that distance him from his family and friends. At this point he has capacity to make decisions and act on them but he not consider or feel what might come out from it.

3) Super -Ego : 

        Victor 's Ego soon turns into Super - Ego as the consequences of his actions become visible. The Super - Ego plays the moral role three and it allowing for emotional comprehension of the events that unfolds.

 ● Guilt : 

    Guilt seems to be common thread between the Super - Ego of Frankenstein and his Monster.

      After completing his creation victor couldn't accept his own creation Victor can't love Monster and so he hated him and later on it turns into guilt and wants to kill Monster. He fails to take his responsibilities and starting hated him and by killing him he wants to hide his mistake.

    Victor is suffers with guilt upon realizing that his creation is responsible for the death of his father , brother, friend and wife. He even seeks a temporary release from the guilt in isolation and appreciation of nature.

     The Monster finds himself in very similar situation facing guilt of actually killing the once that Frankenstein loved. The Mental punishment of guilt plays a large role in forming the Super -Ego of both protagonist and antagonist.

 

●Conclusion : 

   

    So Id characterizes the Monster 's initial struggle from survival within and unfamiliar world. Ego is played out by Frankenstein 's obsession with biological science and later creation of Monster. Super -Ego is also adds the ethical and emotionally conscious element. So Freud 's model of psyche almost perfectly outline the basic psychological activities with in and between the characters of Frankenstein.

      

Thinking activity on T.S.Eliot : Traditional and Individual Talent

1) How would you like to explain Eliot 's concept of tradition ? Do you agree with it ?               
 Answer :  I agree with T.S.Eliot 's concept of tradition . He is not just following customs of given tradition but much more than that. He is not believed in slavish imitation of his tradition. Eliot thinks this thing in a  positive way and says that The countries  and Nations try to preserve their tradition as something  heritage as something which is essential part of their culture and necessarily has to be handed down from generation to generation. So poet has to write with awareness of litrary tradition of his nation.He should not merely imitate that tradition. Eliot also says that 'The writer writes with history in his bones." So Eliot sees tradition in very positive way rather than negative way. So we have to learn Good things from tradition and not repeat the Bad or Negative things. So If we do this we can make better present.   
                                       
 2) what do you understand by historical sense ? ( use these quotes to explain your understanding )

 Answer :
                 
"The  Historical sense involves a perception not only of the pastness of past but of its presence "      

                It means that tradition is not that is dead but somthing that is already living .it not gives important to pastness of past but it gives more important to present of past. It helps to make better present with the help of good things of past and learn from bad or Negative things and not repeat that in the present.       
              
      " This historical sense ,which is timeless as well as of temporal and of the timeless and temporal together is what makes writer traditional ."         

            In timeless which means  that History does not have any past or present and temporal which means that it exist even today in present time . So poet has to develop a critical judgement of great authors of past and   shift good one from bad . So shift ordinary to grate. With this things it makes writer traditional.
                    
3) What is a relationship between " Tradition " and "The Individual talent " according to T.S.Eliot?   
    
Answer : According to T.S.Eliot  Individual talent can't cut from tradition. They both connected with each other. Poet or writer must have knowledge of all the great writers of their tradition. It is also not inherited you must obtain it by grate labour.           

 4) Explain " Some can absorb knowledge the more tardy must sweat for it Shakespeare acquire more essential history from plutarch than most men could from the whole British museum "   
                     
Answer :  Eliot demands first wide reading but  here give a example of Shakespeare that in his biography there is no mention that Shakespeare went to any university. He not know other languages than English. He was not highly educated person but he has wide knowledge of entire cross section of character, themes, ideas in his works. Shakespeare has absorbed his age so he seems to absorbed and lived through his age and absorbed his age. Shakespeare not made any effort about it.That is called perfect individual talent that Shakespeare possessed.
                       
5) Explain :" Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is direct not upon poet but upon poetry. 
       
 Answer :  In this he trys to explain honest criticism and appreciation. In this critic should appreciate the work without any prejudice and personal view. Criticism should only poetry but not poet. If we like any work it because of its quality of work. We like the work of art not the artist. We should criticise the work itself not artist personal
                 
                    
6) How would you like to explain Eliot 's theory of Depersonalization?  You can explain with the help of chemical reaction in presence of catalyst agent Platinum.    

 
            
Answer : Eliot trys to bring the elements of science into humanities and arts. In the theory of Depersonalization. In this the laboratory formation of sulfuric acid which is H2SO4. In this require sulfur trioxide and water and Platinum. Platinum has to be there in reaction otherwise it will not formed. So  the platinum is plays very important part in this process but it is not found in the product itself. So this is also connect with creative mind of poet. Which played important part to create poetry but not present only his feeling and emotions are present into his poetry. So it is like Platinum. 

     
7) Explain " Poetry is not turning to loose of Emotions but an escape from emotion it is not the expression of personality but escape from personality. " 

Answer :  it means that poet writes poetry to escape from his emotions of his life which he faces and suffers .By expresses his emotions it gIves him pleasure. This thing convert himself into poet .
                   
8) write two points on which one can write critique on T.S.Eliot as a critic.                                   
Answer : The two point as my point of view that one can write critique on T. S. Eliot as a critic :         
 1) "Poetry is not turning to loose of Emotions but an escape from emotion it is not the expression of personality but escape from personality. "           
  2) Tradition is matter of much wider significance it can't be inherited and of you want it you must obtain it by grate labour.

Mathew Arnold : Thinking activity

Q: 1 write about the one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find interesting and relevant in our time. 

Answer : 'A study of poetry ' is a critical essay by Mathew Arnold.  In this he criticises upon Art of poetry and Art of Criticism. He gives definition of poetry that " Poetry is the criticism of life " . It is true that poet is critic of life and after criticising the life he became a poet .  So this thing is also relevant and true that poet is critic of life .
    He also discussed the idea of disinterested or detachment. It is interesting also relevant in our time. Mathew Arnold says about the first principle of criticism is the Disinterested and Detachment .Disinterested on the part of the critic implies freedom from all the prejudice, personal and historical. So the work of literature should be criticise or judged as the independent work rather than considering its effects on author or the reader. It should be free from all the prejudice either it historical or personal. It is very important thing for the fair judgement for the critic.

Q: 2 ) writer about one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find out of date and irrelevant in our time.

Answer :  Mathew Arnold 's idea about " Touch - Stone  Method "  is out of date and irrelevant in our time. Because it providing comparison and analysis as the two primary tools for judging individual poet by comparing with the old authors . It is not fair thing because of the time and situations are keep changing on. May be the literature written in the old times is  right according to the situation and the time of that era but now it is not appropriate to comparison with the current literature or literary writer with the old literature or writer. Because the situation is changed. You not passing judgement on the bases of comparison with others.In the other way you ignored or not give much importance to their individual talents. It is not appropriate way to give any judgement which is based on the comparison with others.