The Figurative Language : I.A.Richard

 

     I.A. Richard 's Practical criticism written in 1929.He experiments on the students to gave them poems without their title and author 's name. He gave suggestions, comments and interpretation. His criticism gave new path to litrary criticism.

      Instead of impressionistic criticism  it became factual and science. In his Matgodology a lot of importance is given to the "words".

        He believed that poet writes to communicated and language is become a way of communication. Language is made of words. A study of word is all important. If we are to understand the meaning of art.words carry four kinds of meaning :

1.Sense : The items reffred by a writer.

2.Feelings : Feeling refers to emotions. Emotional attitude, will, attitude, desire, pleasure, displeasure.

3.Tone: Tone is writers attitude to his readers or audience.

4.Intention : It is writers aim which may be conscious or unconscious. It refres to the effect that he tries to produced.

● Two use of language:

1. Scientific use

2. Emotive use

   In this scientific use of language is usually matter of fact. All the activies covers by this use require undistorted references and absence of fiction. In this use of language true or false. This reference should be correct and logical.

    In this emotive language truth and logical argument not necessary. In this referential use of language by butterfly or cloud etc.

● Four types of misunderstanding :

1) Misunderstanding of sense of poetry  (careless, intuitive reading )
2) Over -literal reading -Prosaic reading.
3) Defective scholarship - inappropriate metaphor
4) Difference in meaning of words in prose and poetry.

Kala Chashma from Baar Baar Dekho: 

      It is a new version of superhit Punjabi song “Tenu Kala Chasma Jachda Hai”. The song is recreated by popular rapper Badshah and features vocals by Amar Arshi & Neha Kakkar.





तेनू कला चश्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते
तेनू कला चश्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा एह गोरे मुखड़े ते

सड़को पे चले
जब लड़कों के दिलों में
तू आग लगा दे बेबी फिरे
नकली सी नखरे तू करें
जब देखे हूमें झूती लाइयर!

कला कला चश्मा जज्दा तेरे मुखड़े पे
जैसा कला तिल जचता है तेरे चीन पे
अपनी अदाओं से ज़्यादा नही तो
दस बारे लड़के तो
मार ही देती होगी दिन में

तुझ जैसे छातिस फिरते है
मेरे वरगी और ना होनी वे
वरगी और ना होनी वे

तू मुंडा बिलखुल देसी है
मैं कटरीना तो सोहनी वे

हाए मैं फेड उप हो गया मुंडेया 2
सुन्न सुन्न के तेरे दुख दे वे

मैनउ कला चश्मा
हो मैनउ कला कला कला..
हो मैनउ कला चश्मा जज्ता आए
जाच दा है गोरे मुखड़े ते
मैनउ कला चश्मा जज्ता आए
जाच दा है गोरे मुखड़े ते

 सडको पे चले
जब लड़कों के दिलों में
तू आग लगा दे बेबी फिरे

ओ मैनउ ओ मैनउ..
नकली सी नखरे तू करें
जब देखे हूमें झूती लाइयर

हो मैनउ कला चश्मा
ओ मैनउ कला काला चश्मा
आए कला चाछमा
ओ कला कला कला कला..

कला चश्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते
तेनू कला चस्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते

मैनउ कला चश्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते
तेनू कला चस्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते
 
 ● Misunderstanding in the language :
         
        So in this song lover talking about his beloved beauty. Lover says that the balck glasses is looking nice on her face.But it is not true that black glasses only looking nice on fair face. In this lover compare the  mole which is on her face is like stain on the Moon. So he compare mole with stain and Moon with her beautiful face.

       In the line "सडको पे चले जब लड़कों के दिलों में
तू आग लगा दे " So in this line talking about that she puts boys hearts on fire. So how it can be possible that she can put fire on the boys heart. It is impossible thing.

     In the next lines " अपनी अदाओं से ज़्यादा नही तो
दस बारे लड़के तो मार ही देती होगी दिन में ". In this talking about that with her style she must kill at least 10 or 12 boys in a day. It is so ridicules how it can be possible that girl kills 10 or 12 boys in a day with her style.
 
      So this thing make us to  misunderstanding the song. With the non believeable thing like put fire on hearts and killing boys with her style. So it is meaningless and useless song. It is only entertainment at all.
   
   

Thinking activity on Frankenstein

●Thiking activity on Frankenstein : 

1) What are some major difference between Movie and the Novel Frankenstein?   

Answer : 

           The Major difference between Movie and Novel is : 

 ● In the novel the Monster wants revenge on all the society because of his condition that people consider him different because of he is ugly and dangerous person for others.While in the movie Monster only wants revenge from Victor and his family.

 ● In the novel Henry was friend of Victor since childhood. But in the Movie he meet Victor at University. 

 ● In the novel Victor destroy the female Monster before he finished it but in the Movie female monster killing her self. 

  

2) Did this Movie helps you in understanding the plot of the novel ? 

Answer :  

        Yes , this movie definitely help me to understand the whole plot.This movie includes the whole things which describes in novel and presenting very appropriately. Because of this thing I find interest in this novel by watching this movie. 

3) Who you think is real Monster? 

Answer:

     I think Victor is the real monster. Because of his pride of knowledg ,his selfishness and craving of knowledge. He wants to creating life from inanimate body parts. Though he was warned many times by professor. After creating monster he neglected from his parental duty to protect him and to teach him morality. He leaving him alone and he doesn't care about it .The Monster not possess the quality of Monster but the society and unresponsible Victor make him Monster. Victor was selfish , neglected his duty towards his creation and his excessive pride of knowledge make him the real monster of this novel in the real sense. 

4) From where Mary shelley get idea of this novel Frankenstein ? 

Answer :

     Mary shelley get this idea in the preface of 1831 addition of novel shelley wrote that the idea first came to her in the summer of 1816 where she stayed in a manor on Lake Geneva with her future husband Percy Bysshe Shelley and the writers Lord Byron and John Polidori. Byron suggested that each of them write ghost story. So she get first idea of novel Frankenstein.

5) Do you think that the search of knowledge is dangerous and destructive?  

Answer :

       Yes, when you have used the knowledge in wrong way so it becomes dangerous and destructive. For example Victor has Knowledge but he uses the knowledge in the wrong way by creating a Monster. Though he was warn by the professor.Because of the wrong use of knowledge ultimately responsible for the death of his family members and himself also. So this way search of knowledge is dangerous and destructive. 

6) What are some myths used by Mary shelley in the Frankenstein?  

Answer : In Mary shelley 's Frankenstein there are three myths used by Mary shelley:

  1) The myth of Narcissism 

  2) The myth of Prometheus 

  3) The myth from bibal 

7) write about the Narratology of Frankenstein. 

  

Answer :

  Frankenstein is written from frame narrative technique. It means the story  with in the story. First the captain Walton writing letters to his sister about his adventure. Then second the Frankenstein meets Walton and tells his story to Walton. The third is the Monster tells his adventure story to Victor. So it is story with in the story with different narrative perspective of Victor and Monster. 

Psychological analysis of Frankenstein

●Psychological analysis of Frankenstein : 

● Introduction : 

Mary shelley 's Frankenstein is an entertaining novel. It is a mental development of each of characters through out the story. The best way to display such a psychological process is to compare events and thoughts. 

    

● Sigmund Freud theory : 

Sigmund Freud theory is bases on the three Id , Ego, Super-Ego.

1) Id:  Id is shows through primitive action of certain characters those that involve little judgement and rely on instinct rather than informed decision.       

 

2)  Ego : The Ego can be observed through basic thoughts and decisions that made without the influence of conscience. 

3) Super - Ego :  The Super -Ego is in fact conscious thought itself often it characrist by the guit or other feelings that comes as a result of Id and Ego. 

    

● Psychological analysis of Frankenstein :  

                   

1) Id : 

        Id is most commonly applied to instinctual action. Id is probably the least prevalent of the three in Frankenstein. It plays a major role in shaping the characters most specially Frankenstein 's monster.

      The Monster finds himself satisfying his Id by teaching himself the basic mens of living and human actions. These skills gives him what he needs to live and obtain his necessities. Id is associated with primitive inhuman desires. Frankenstein 's Monster takes on bestial and primitive image.

2) Ego :

      Ego is applied to the organized and realistic part of character 's mentality and unlike Id requires judgement and next level thinking.

      Victor Frankenstein 's willing development into a scientifically learned being. He wants to creating life from inanimate body parts.it shows the more advanced and yet still some what surface. Through the process of and Ego influenced being.

      Additionally Frankenstein 's Ego that distance him from his family and friends. At this point he has capacity to make decisions and act on them but he not consider or feel what might come out from it.

3) Super -Ego : 

        Victor 's Ego soon turns into Super - Ego as the consequences of his actions become visible. The Super - Ego plays the moral role three and it allowing for emotional comprehension of the events that unfolds.

 ● Guilt : 

    Guilt seems to be common thread between the Super - Ego of Frankenstein and his Monster.

      After completing his creation victor couldn't accept his own creation Victor can't love Monster and so he hated him and later on it turns into guilt and wants to kill Monster. He fails to take his responsibilities and starting hated him and by killing him he wants to hide his mistake.

    Victor is suffers with guilt upon realizing that his creation is responsible for the death of his father , brother, friend and wife. He even seeks a temporary release from the guilt in isolation and appreciation of nature.

     The Monster finds himself in very similar situation facing guilt of actually killing the once that Frankenstein loved. The Mental punishment of guilt plays a large role in forming the Super -Ego of both protagonist and antagonist.

 

●Conclusion : 

   

    So Id characterizes the Monster 's initial struggle from survival within and unfamiliar world. Ego is played out by Frankenstein 's obsession with biological science and later creation of Monster. Super -Ego is also adds the ethical and emotionally conscious element. So Freud 's model of psyche almost perfectly outline the basic psychological activities with in and between the characters of Frankenstein.

      

Thinking activity on T.S.Eliot : Traditional and Individual Talent

1) How would you like to explain Eliot 's concept of tradition ? Do you agree with it ?               
 Answer :  I agree with T.S.Eliot 's concept of tradition . He is not just following customs of given tradition but much more than that. He is not believed in slavish imitation of his tradition. Eliot thinks this thing in a  positive way and says that The countries  and Nations try to preserve their tradition as something  heritage as something which is essential part of their culture and necessarily has to be handed down from generation to generation. So poet has to write with awareness of litrary tradition of his nation.He should not merely imitate that tradition. Eliot also says that 'The writer writes with history in his bones." So Eliot sees tradition in very positive way rather than negative way. So we have to learn Good things from tradition and not repeat the Bad or Negative things. So If we do this we can make better present.   
                                       
 2) what do you understand by historical sense ? ( use these quotes to explain your understanding )

 Answer :
                 
"The  Historical sense involves a perception not only of the pastness of past but of its presence "      

                It means that tradition is not that is dead but somthing that is already living .it not gives important to pastness of past but it gives more important to present of past. It helps to make better present with the help of good things of past and learn from bad or Negative things and not repeat that in the present.       
              
      " This historical sense ,which is timeless as well as of temporal and of the timeless and temporal together is what makes writer traditional ."         

            In timeless which means  that History does not have any past or present and temporal which means that it exist even today in present time . So poet has to develop a critical judgement of great authors of past and   shift good one from bad . So shift ordinary to grate. With this things it makes writer traditional.
                    
3) What is a relationship between " Tradition " and "The Individual talent " according to T.S.Eliot?   
    
Answer : According to T.S.Eliot  Individual talent can't cut from tradition. They both connected with each other. Poet or writer must have knowledge of all the great writers of their tradition. It is also not inherited you must obtain it by grate labour.           

 4) Explain " Some can absorb knowledge the more tardy must sweat for it Shakespeare acquire more essential history from plutarch than most men could from the whole British museum "   
                     
Answer :  Eliot demands first wide reading but  here give a example of Shakespeare that in his biography there is no mention that Shakespeare went to any university. He not know other languages than English. He was not highly educated person but he has wide knowledge of entire cross section of character, themes, ideas in his works. Shakespeare has absorbed his age so he seems to absorbed and lived through his age and absorbed his age. Shakespeare not made any effort about it.That is called perfect individual talent that Shakespeare possessed.
                       
5) Explain :" Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is direct not upon poet but upon poetry. 
       
 Answer :  In this he trys to explain honest criticism and appreciation. In this critic should appreciate the work without any prejudice and personal view. Criticism should only poetry but not poet. If we like any work it because of its quality of work. We like the work of art not the artist. We should criticise the work itself not artist personal
                 
                    
6) How would you like to explain Eliot 's theory of Depersonalization?  You can explain with the help of chemical reaction in presence of catalyst agent Platinum.    

 
            
Answer : Eliot trys to bring the elements of science into humanities and arts. In the theory of Depersonalization. In this the laboratory formation of sulfuric acid which is H2SO4. In this require sulfur trioxide and water and Platinum. Platinum has to be there in reaction otherwise it will not formed. So  the platinum is plays very important part in this process but it is not found in the product itself. So this is also connect with creative mind of poet. Which played important part to create poetry but not present only his feeling and emotions are present into his poetry. So it is like Platinum. 

     
7) Explain " Poetry is not turning to loose of Emotions but an escape from emotion it is not the expression of personality but escape from personality. " 

Answer :  it means that poet writes poetry to escape from his emotions of his life which he faces and suffers .By expresses his emotions it gIves him pleasure. This thing convert himself into poet .
                   
8) write two points on which one can write critique on T.S.Eliot as a critic.                                   
Answer : The two point as my point of view that one can write critique on T. S. Eliot as a critic :         
 1) "Poetry is not turning to loose of Emotions but an escape from emotion it is not the expression of personality but escape from personality. "           
  2) Tradition is matter of much wider significance it can't be inherited and of you want it you must obtain it by grate labour.

Mathew Arnold : Thinking activity

Q: 1 write about the one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find interesting and relevant in our time. 

Answer : 'A study of poetry ' is a critical essay by Mathew Arnold.  In this he criticises upon Art of poetry and Art of Criticism. He gives definition of poetry that " Poetry is the criticism of life " . It is true that poet is critic of life and after criticising the life he became a poet .  So this thing is also relevant and true that poet is critic of life .
    He also discussed the idea of disinterested or detachment. It is interesting also relevant in our time. Mathew Arnold says about the first principle of criticism is the Disinterested and Detachment .Disinterested on the part of the critic implies freedom from all the prejudice, personal and historical. So the work of literature should be criticise or judged as the independent work rather than considering its effects on author or the reader. It should be free from all the prejudice either it historical or personal. It is very important thing for the fair judgement for the critic.

Q: 2 ) writer about one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find out of date and irrelevant in our time.

Answer :  Mathew Arnold 's idea about " Touch - Stone  Method "  is out of date and irrelevant in our time. Because it providing comparison and analysis as the two primary tools for judging individual poet by comparing with the old authors . It is not fair thing because of the time and situations are keep changing on. May be the literature written in the old times is  right according to the situation and the time of that era but now it is not appropriate to comparison with the current literature or literary writer with the old literature or writer. Because the situation is changed. You not passing judgement on the bases of comparison with others.In the other way you ignored or not give much importance to their individual talents. It is not appropriate way to give any judgement which is based on the comparison with others.

Thinking activity on wordsworth preface

● What is the basic difference between the poetic creed of " Classicism " and " Romanticism " ?

Answer : The basic difference between poetic creed of classicism and Romanticism :
 •  Classical writers were believed in intellectual but the Romantics writers were believed in imagination. They shift from intellect to imagination.
 •  Classical poets were followed classical masters like Plato , Aristotle,  Socrates but Romantics poets were followed medieval poets and writers.
 •  Romantic writers Were not believed any kind of restrictions but they believed in liberty and Freedom of emotions and imagination but classical writers believed in restrictions.
 •  In Classical works city or urban life represented where as in Romantic works rustic life and country side glorious life represented.
 • Classical writers were believed in objective and Romantic writers believed in subjective.
     So these are the basic difference of both writers . They have different approaches for life and different way to looking work. So they are two different ideology. They different for each other in techniques of writing and subject they choose.

● Why does wordsworth say what is poet rather than who is poet ?

Answer : wordsworth say what is poet rather than who is poet because he focus upon the role of poet.  A poet has a grater knowledge of human nature,  lively sensibility , used the words quite platonic and comprehensive soul . Poet creates the things which is not exist in the world. He habitually creates situation and passions where they do not exist . Poet is a human being which is far better and different than ordinary people.

● What is a poetic Diction?  Which poetic Diction is suggested by wordsworth in his preface? 

Answer :  Poetic Diction is a one kind of language used in poetry. It is unique style.wordsworth used the language which is "really used by men ".  He was talking about Humbel and rustic life men .there 's emotions are genuine.  So wordsworth suggested simple language which is used my men in day to day life . Specially the language of rustic people.


● What is a poetry?  

Answer :  wordsworth gives definition of poetry  :
 
    " Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings it takes origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity. "

     So poetry gives happiness and it related with human emotions and recollecting nature and recollection in tranquillity.


● Discuss ' Daffodils' I wondered lonely as a cloud with reference to wordsworth poetic creed.

Answer :  Wordsworth 's definition of poetry is related to one of his famous poem " Daffodils" . It is in four stanzas and first three stanzas are written the past tense and last one is in present tense. So he recollecting nature in the last stanza. It is also gives happiness which means the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. It is also recollecting the emotions in tranquillity in the last stanza. It gives happiness to poet by recollecting the nature. 

Presentation Of Indian writing in English : Shri Aurobindo 's Views on Education

Presentation Of  Indian writing in English : Shri Aurobindo 's Views on Education 

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Presentation of Literary Theory and Criticism Western 1: Difference between Classicism and Romanticism

Presentation of Literary Theory and Criticism Western 1: Difference between Classicism and Romanticism 

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Presentation of Neo - Classical Literature : Sin, Redemption and Damnation in Robinson Crusoe

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Presentation of Renaissance Literature: Psychological approach in Hamlet

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Pehredar piya ki progressive or regressive

Pehredar piya ki progressive or Regressive :

               Pehredar  piya ki  it is quite different theme than other serials.It is about 10 years old (Ratan)and 18 years old  (Diya).
                 I am not take side of anything because I believe that every coin has two sides it depends on the person what he want to see. Because of in this serial a girl is protect a boy we can't say it regressive. It shows the power of woman and also shows that boys have not only right to protecting a girl .A girl can also protect a boy .
                The other thing is that this show is showing child marriage.  But we can't say that it is a child marriage because both of them are not child.beacuse Diya is young girl and Ratan is child.
      I think we have not right to banned this serial but  people should teach their child what is right and what is wrong. To banned anything is not a solution of  any problem. We educated people not started banning of anything. If we not like anything that's not mean that we banned it.Think about that sometimes we not like some person so what ?should we banned them ? We have to start facing the reality of  life .

Assignment of Literary Theory and Criticism western :1 : Aristotlelian Tragedy

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Paper -3: Literary Theory and Criticism western :1

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 18

Assignment  Topic -  Aristotlelian Tragedy 

M.A (English) : Sem -1

Enrollment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID : jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University. 

● Aristotlelian Tragedy : 

 ● About Aristotle :

    Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Plato's theory of forms.

      As a prolific writer and polymath, Aristotle radically transformed most, if not all, areas of knowledge he touched. It is no wonder that Aquinas referred to him simply as "The Philosopher." In his lifetime, Aristotle wrote as many as 200 treatises, of which only 31 survive. Unfortunately for us, these works are in the form of lecture notes and draft manuscripts never intended for general readership, so they do not demonstrate his reputed polished prose style which attracted many great followers, including the Roman Cicero. Aristotle was the first to classify areas of human knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics.

      Aristotle famously rejected Plato’s theory of forms, which states that properties such as beauty are abstract universal entities that exist independent of the objects themselves. Instead, he argued that forms are intrinsic to the objects and cannot exist apart from them, and so must be studied in relation to them.

      ● Definition of Tragedy : 

                   " Tragedy is an imitation of an action  that is serious , complete and of a certain magnitude , in a  language embellished with each kind of artistic ornaments , the serval kinds bring found in separate parts of the play , in the form of action not of narrative, though pity and fear effecting the proper purgation catharsis of these and similar emotions. "

 ● Nature and function of Tragedy :

  This is a definition of tragedy. Every word of it is a pregnant meaning. Each word from it can be elaborated into a separate essay.

* Representative of life : 

      All art is representation or imitation of life , but it can't represent life in its whole. So in this artist has to be selecting in representation. He must choose best part of life. Every literature are represting life one or another way but it should be not whole part of life it should be selective and best part represting in literature.

* Action :

     In this action includes of all human activities including deeds , thoughts , feelings so in it includes every emotions and feeling. Soliloquy and chorus are also a part of action in tragedy. They make play understandable to audience. In tragedy action is the most important part .

* serious side of life : 

     Tragedy it self represting serious side of life.The writers of tragedy seeks to imitate the serious side of life. Just as a writer of comedy seeks to imitate only the superficial and shallow side. So writer of tragedy imitate serious side of life .

*  complete action : 

   In tragedy the tragic  section presented on the stage in drama or play should be completed or contained with a beginning , middle and an end . In a beginning is that before which the audience or reader doesn't need to be told anything to understand the story. If something more is required to understand the story than the beginning gives,  it is unsatisfactory.  It should be followed the middle. In their turn the events from the middle lead to the end . Thus , the  story becomes a compact.

   In the tragedy nothing that is unnecessary.  Every episode, Every character and dialogue in the play must carry step by step.  It should connected with logical. It must give the impression of wholeness at the end.

* certain magnitude :

   The play must have magnitude in a proper size or a reasonable length such as the mind may comprehended fully . It should not longer than about three hours or shorter than that longer duration may tire our patience and shorter doesn't make effective representations.

* language : 

  In the play language is important part . Language employed duly embellished and beautified with various artistic ornaments as for example rhythm , rhyme , harmony and songs and figurative speech.  In the tragedy the language of our daily use is not useful in tragedy because tragedy has to presented heightened picture of life 's serious side. So it is impossible if elevated language of poetry is used. According to need writer makes use of song , poetry , poetic language  and dialogues.

* Form of action not narration :

   In the tragedy action is most important than narration . It's manner of imitation should be action not narration as in the Epic , for it is means to be a dramatic represtation not a more story telling.  So in the tragedy action is most important part of tragedy.

*  Theory of catharsis : 

  The aim of tragedy is to shake up in the soul the impulses of pity and fear . In the tragedy most important function is catharsis.

  Meaning of catharsis :

   •  F.L. Lucas : there has been ago long controversy about Aristotle 's meaning.  He considered it as  ' Purification '  . It has been suggested that our pity and fear are purified  in the theatre by coming disinterested . It is bad to be selfishly sentimental , but it is good to pity  Othello and to fear for Hamlet .

    There is strong evidence that Catharsis means not' Purification ' but ' Purgation '. Aristotle 's  father of physician.  In Catharsis means ' purgation ' not in the modern but in the older and wider English sense which includes the partial removal of excess  ' humours '. The theory of humours is outdated in the medical science.

  The passion to be moderate are these of pity and fear.  The pity and fear to be moderated and it is important.  There can never be an excess in the pity . But there can be too much pity as an intense and helpless feeling. At the same time fear are to be moderated.  Aristotle specifically mentions 'sympathetic fear for the characters.'

      Truth of psychology as elucidated by Aristotle in his theory of Catharsis. It makes us critically aware of psychological process that contribute to the art experience of tragedy so while enjoying this experience we are not aware of these process. Pity alone would be sentimantaly and fear alone would make us cowards. But pity and fear and sympathy and terror together constitue the tragic feeling which is the most delightful though it is tearfully delightful.

● Aristotle 's six parts of tragedy :

1) Plot : 

 

                 

   Plot is the first principle of tragedy. The most important feature of tragedy so we can say that  " Plot is the soul of tragedy ". Aristotle defined plot as " The harmonious arrangement of incidents ". In this it is not the story itself but the way the incidents are presented to the audience and the structure of play . It depends on the  " cause and effect chain of action " . 

Plot 's following quality  : 

● The  plot must be whole with beginning,  middle and end . The beginning must start the cause and effect chain but it is not dependent on any outside. The middle must be caused by earlier incidents.  At the end should therefore silver the problem crated during the earliest moments.

● The plot must be complet having a unity of action.

● The plot must be of certain magnitude in both quantitatively  in length and complexity and qualitively in seriousness. Plot should be not brief .

● The plot may be either simple or complex. Complex is better than simple because simple plots have only a change of fortune. Complex plots have both ' reversal of intention ' and  ' recognition '.

● Principle of probability and necessity : The plot must deal with an action incidents and situations that is possible according to the low of probability and necessity. So there are following possibilities : Probable and possible , Probable but impossible,  improbable and possible, improbable and impossible.

 2) Character :

     

Character is the second important element of tragedy. Each of character has essential quality or nature  that is revealed in the plot .the characters  should have four important quality :

 A) Good or fine : November matter who they are but character should be good in some way.

B) Fitness of character :  The characters should be act appreciate for their gender and station in life.

C)  True to life : True to nature .

D) Consistency :  True to themselves.

E) Necessity or Probable : Character must be logically constructed according to the low of probability and necessity.

F) True to life yet more beautiful :  idealized

•  Tragic Hero : 

  1) Good man - coming to bad end . It is shocking and disturbs faith.

  2) Bad man   -  coming to good end .

  3) Bad man   - coming to bad end .

  4) Rather good man  - coming to bad end .

3) Thought : 

Thought is the important part of tragedy. Thought is the power of saying  what ever can be said and should be said at each moment of plot. Thought is the way to express the feeling towards audience.

4) Diction : 

Diction is the important for tragedy.  The use of good language make play successful.  Language is the important for any play.  It should highly oriented with each kind of artistic ornaments.

5) Melody : 

 Melody  and spectacles are accessories . Aristotle said that music has to blend with in the play appropriately. Melody and spectacles make difference between Epic and Tragedy .  Melody and spectacles should be appropriate to the theme of the play .

 6)  spectacles : 

Spectacles are also accessories of play. Spectacles played important part to make tragedy successful.  Spectacles make play interested . It should be according to theme of the play .

Conclusion : 

   So Aristotle gives a new way and definition to the tragedy.  He was  a Philosopher and looks for  ideal forms and trys to define a nature of tragedy and also define six important part of tragedy. He gives important of catharsis and Hamartia in the tragedy . Also the spectacles and melody make tragedy different from other parts of literature.  Tragedy it self a highest serious form of life .it was his view to see tragedy so latter on it also be called as " Aristotlelian Tragedy ".

Work sited : 

http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/

D: \Sem 1 June 2010 \ Lit crit \ Litaray Theory & Criticism \ Unit 1 Aristotle \ Slide JVD CPR Aristotle. docx

Assignment of Indian Writing in English Pre-Independence : Character analysis of Raja Rao 's Kanthapura.

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Tuesday , 31 October 2017

Paper -4 : Indian writing in English pre - Independence.

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 18

Assignment  Topic -  Character analysis of Raja Rao 's Kanthapura.

M.A (English) : Sem -1

Enrollment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID : jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University.

●》 Character Analysis of Raja Rao 's Kanthapura.

● Introduction :

Kanthapura is written by Raja Rao. He is one of the greatest Indian novelist writing in English language.  His first novel Kanthapura is a classic of the Gandhian movement a work which the gandhian struggle for independence. It is also a great village novel . A novel with the various facts of the village life , with its superstitions , religion , caste prejudice, blind faith , hills , pools , rivers and changing reasons.

Raja Rao possessed in the highest degree the gift of creating living characters. In this novel characters are sharply divided into the two groups.  The rules and satyagrahis on the other hand. The characters both major and minor are imparted life and vitality.

Characters of Kanthapura :

● Moorthy :

Moorthy is an educated  young man  of Kanthapura.  He is an ordinary young man with common human weakness. He is inspired by Mahatma Gandhi for that he gives up his study and become fighter for the cause of their  Motherland.  He is also called by people of Kanthapura as " Our Moorthy".

" Like a noble cow, quite , generous,  deferent, Brahminic, a very prince. "

He is considered as honest like an elephant. The impact of Gandhi 's personality has transformed him from a common village man into a young man capable for leadership and  self sacrifice and devotion ,Things that leadership needs. He never come in personal contact with Gandhi .But when Moorthy was in college he felt full force of Gandhi and walked out of it a Gandhi man. So in those days hundreds and thousands of young men give up their studies. Moorthy has numberous good qualities of head and heart . He has extraordinary capacity for inspiring the people . He works on three levels political, religious and social.  He works on these three levels for struggling in independent movement. He uses religion first in Kanthapura. Religion is the most powerful force in Kanthapura , so it's action begins with religion. He starting from invocation to ' Kenchamma Goddess to religious activities. Moorthy organises  the Gandhi - work in the village. He goes from door to door carring the message of Mahatma . He explains the important of 'khaddi ' and  'charkha'. He forms the Congress committee in the village. Range ,Gowda,  patel calls him as" learned master ". In the begging he turned hostile to the Gandhian movement. Once he heard Mahatma Gandhi in public meeting. He was very moved by his words. He decided to give up his foreign cloths and foreign education and took wearing Khadi Kurta and dhoti and he became a devoted follower of Mahatma.

He went every Quarter to tell about charkhas and advantages of Khadis. He went every Quarter of the village the Brahmin quarter, Pariah quarter, the sudra quarter.

" Sister, the Congress is giving away free spinning wheels . Will you spin , sister?  You see , you have nothing to do in afternoons after the vessels are washed and water drawn , and if you spin just one hour a day , you can have bodies - cloths of any colour or breadth you like , one bodies - cloth per month , and a sari every six months. And during the first month , the cotton is free ."

Moorthy visited Pariah quarter more and more. Some days later Narasamma told that swami has excommunicated. If Moorthy has not stop to visited to Pariah quarter he will be also excommunicate.so here this that night Narasamma rushed towards the river and fell down unconscious in field. She found dead in next morning. But after this he not stop to visit Pariah quarter. He played a vital role in awaking the people of Kanthapura and joined them into freedom movement. He is not afraid from Britishers after going into jail he continued his fight against Britishers.

● Patel Range Gowda : The tiger of the village :

Range Gowda is the patel of Kanthapura and a government servant. He is Gandhi man and supporter of Moorthy. He is in favour of Moorthy and is a considerable help to him in organising the Congress committee work in Kanthapura. He known as a ' Tiger of the village '. He is a man of commanding personality and have a powerful position in the village . Nothing can be done in the village without Range Gowda. He is also kind and sympathetic for poor. He helps to poor and needy and suffering of the village. He uses all the authority and influence in support of Moorthy. When Moorthy approaches him for help he says ,

" Do what you like , learned master . You know the things better than I do , and  I know you are not a man to spit on our confidence in you. If you think I should become a member of the Congress,  let me a member of the Congress. If you want me to be a slave , I shall be your slave."

He has more faith upon Moorthy and he was a strong supporter of Moorthy. When bade khan the policeman approaches him and requested him to arrange a house for him. He says that You should arrange house for me I am government servant so at that time he reply that :

" Yes , I am . But the Government does not pay me to find houses for the police . I am here to collect revenue."

This dialogue fully brings out the temper of the Patel. He helps Moorthy in various ways. He explains to the people the important of spinning and weaving, non violence and value and meaning of independence. During Moorthy 's period of imprisonment he boosts the morels of people, guides and encourage them .without his active help and co-operations  Moorthy would not have been so successful in his mission.

● Bhatta : The first Brahmin :

Bhatta is against of Moorthy and agent of the British government he appoint as to defeat the Gandhian movement. He is one of the  most interesting man in Kanthapura. Bhatta began life with loin cloth at his  waist and copper pot in his hand but today Bhatta means money and money means Bhatta. Narasimhaiah points out  that Bhatta is an unworthy husband too what with his lack of consideration for his wife at home. On the days he dines out his poor wife has only dal - soup and rice .when the master of the house is out , better not bother about the meal :

" On the nights of obesequial  dinners he eats so little,  and she doesn't think of dinner for herself and Bhatta has no thought of her ."

His wife dies soon and he marries to a girl twelve and half years old. Bhatta 's other social consideration hardly go further .

"  Bhatta was the only one who would have nothing to do with these Gandhi bhajans. "

He was also the election agent and got two thousand for it. He was the responsible for excommunication of Moorthy. He decides with bade khan that sets afloat the rumours regarding Moorthy 's excommunication and so that become reson of the death of his mother. Ultimately he goes to the Kashi to wash off his sins. Through him the novelist has shows the  greed and gluttony of the Brahmins.

" He is the symbol of usury and false orthodoxy and Low cunning. "

● Bade khan : The policeman :

Bade khan is the police man and he is the symbol of British ruler.He is a symbol as a British in Kanthapura. His duty is to maintain law and order and to put down the Gandhian movement and it may be said to his credit that he performes his duty with loyalty and sincerely. He was against Gandhian movement and also against Moorthy. He appoint in Kanthapura to stop the Gandhian movement and to maintain the low of British. He is the loyal government servant he performing his duty in very difficult circumstances. When he arrives in Kanthapura he faces many problems being a Muslim he finds that it is very difficult to find house in the village. He can't stay in potters quarters not sudras quarter and not Brahmin quarter. Then the patel Range Gowda receives him very rudely and insults him . Then he goes to Skeffington Coffee Estate. There he allows to live and settles down with one Pariah woman. Then he watches secretively on village people and collecting information and passing it to the city authority. He was against of this Gandhian movement and he trying to stop it in Kanthapura and he once arrested jayramacharya for telling Hari Kathas.  So in short he one the Indians who made possible any easy for British to rule India for such a long time.

● The white owner of Skeffington Coffee Estate :

Skeffington Coffee Estate is a very large coffee plantation near Kanthapura. It owner by white man .He is popular as " Hunter Sahib " . Because he always carriers a hunter in his hand and a also freely use  it on all those workers on his states who not doing their duty. The coffee workers are Exploited in many ways. They are living  one room huts in which it provides them little protection against the rains .They are not provide them proper food  and they are worked from morning to till late the evening. They didn't take rest a moment if they take rest the Sahib whip them. Nobody dares to rise voice against him. Sahib is not all a monster and villan. He has also good qulities within. He distribute the pappermens and toffee among the children and workers.

● The Swami :

The Swami lives in the city. He is an orthodox Brahmin narrow and Conservative in his views. He is a traitor to the cause of the freedom of India. He has received a twelve hundreds acres from government. Like Mahatma Gandhi he never appears on the scene but his influence and the course of action and causes much damage to the freedom movement in Kanthapura. He is excommunicates the Moorthy for visiting Pariah quarter and because of that Moorthy 's mother died so he was indirectly responsible for the death of his mother.

● Advocate  Sankar :

    Advocate Sankar is a follower of Mahatma Gandhi as Moorthy following Gandhi. He believes the principles of Gandhiji Truth and Non-violence and he trys to following this principle and footsteps of Gandhiji. He wears Khadi and he doesn't go to the function where people come wearing dresses made of foreign cloths. He also supports Moorthy and the freedom movement. When Gandhiji is arrested at that time he decides to keeps fast and as Gandhiji he also believes that fasting means self - Purification. He is  Bold and fearless he is not afraid of the Government and he defence for Moorthy when he is  arrested . He is a noble , kind- hearted person.  He not like Bhatta as we compare him with Bhatta as husband.  When his first wife dies he doesn't marry a second time.

" Sankar was an ascetic of a man and refused marriage after marriage, after marriage, after he had lost his wife ."

      So he is not like Bhatta who marry second time and also Bhatta has no importance of his wife he never take care of her but Sankar not even thought to marry second time he regards it as a sin to marry again. He also says that :

  " I have had a Lakshmi and I, a sinner , could not even kept her, and she has left me a child and that is enough. "

● 》 woman characters :

    In this novel Raja Rao depicted woman as a Shakti as a Mother - Earth . The woman of Kanthapura are more human than those created by Raja Rao. They all are simple - hearted , loud - mouthed and intellectual.

● Waterfall Venkamma :

     Venkamma is a woman of petty and jealous nature . The nick name " waterfall " Like the name she is always shedding tears .she is against of Moorthy because he refuses to marry her second daughter.  She can't bear to see the others prosperous or success. She is jealous woman.she jealous of Rangamma because he has much larger house . She is orthodox , Conservative and narrow in her views .she has no sympathy for gandhian movement. She is spread humor that Moorthy is excommunicated. She also hates Ratna and abused her.she shedding tears against everyone so it justify his nick - name .Venkamma symbolise as jealousy and orthodoxy of Indian villages.

● Narasamma :

  She is old widow and mother of Moorthy.  She gave birth to eleven children and in from that five died and Moorthy was only one son of remaining six children. She has a great love for her son and she has high hopes of his brilliant career for him. He gets very hurt when Moorthy joins freedom movement. She is orthodox woman not understanding the implications of Gandhian movement. She is shocked when she heard that Moorthy is excommunicated by the Swami for the going to Pariah quarter. She says that :

 " Oh ! to have a son ex - communicated . Oh ! to have  gone to Benaras and Rameshwaram and Gaya a son ex - communicated. I wish I had closed my eyes with your father instead of living to see you polluted. Go away , you pariah. "

  She is not bear the news of Moorthy is excommunicated and she died . She had been disappointed when Moorthy has given up his college education and he also rejected all the proposal of marriage. She is good and noble woman who loves her son a lot. She has no sympathy for freedom movement but there is no evil within her .she is the most pathetic character in the novel.

● Rangamma :

     She is educated  woman in the village. She reads newspaper of every day. She knows many things.  She is with Moorthy and she support the freedom movement. She is a lady who is :

" deferent, soft -voice , gentle- gestured "

  Venkamma is jealous of her and she plans against her day and night . She is childless widow but she has very large house much lager than Venkamma.  She is one of those who helps Moorthy in organising the Congress committee in the village. She is lady of enlightened views and she actively joined the freedom struggle.

● Conclusion :

   Raja Rao has highest quality of creating living characters. In  Kanthapura characters are not sharply individualised for various reasons. In the novel characters are two types minor and major .The minor characters highlights the major characters. In Kanthapura characters are here from different races and nationalities and they all are real and alive .In this novel he shows the  woman characters as a symbol of Shakti. He gives more important to women characters in his novel .

Work sited : 

http://parmarjinal161315.blogspot.in/2013/10/topic-women-characters-in-kanthapura.html?m=1

Assignment of The Renaissance Literature : Dr Faustus as a man of action leading towards tragedy.

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Name : Gohil Jyotiba M. 

Paper no : 1 : The Renaissance Literature 

Assignment Topic : Dr Faustus as a man of action leading towards tragedy 

Roll No : 18

Email ID : jyotibagohil96@gmail.com 

Submitted to : Smt. S.B.Gardi.Department of English 

Dr Faustus as a man of action leading towards tragedy:

                       

● Introduction :

' The Tragical History of doctor Faustus ' was a play written by Christopher Marlow.  The name of the play is telling about itself that it is a tragedy of Dr Faustus. We can also say that he was a man of action who responsible for his tragical death.

 ●       Dr Faustus First take one decision to doing magic .one by one he examines the branches of higher learning as they were organised in the universities of his day philosophy,  medicine, law and theology.  One by one the feats of secular learning were rejected because he was not satisfied with their end and he was demandable but his demand has clearly to be understood.  He doesn't pursue knowledge for power , super human power , the power of life and death. His fundamental grievances is :

   " Yet art thou still but Faustus and a man ."

         He was very dissatisfied with his human status, he rebles against human limitations.  He would like to have the power to make men live eternally and the power to bring the dead person to live back. He rejecting divine learning.

         The superficial logic by which Faustus rejects the scriptures and divinity is in itself.He thinks of study of magic makes a great appeal to him. Magic will bring him not only wealth but power and glory.  He thinks that magic will enable him to extend his authority as far as the mind of Man can go.

         So at that time Good angel and Evil angel appear and good angel told Faustus to not read the book of black magic but to study the scriptures but the Evil angel encourage Faustus to study black magic to become powerful on the earth as God is in the sky . So with that he told Faustus that after this he become equal powerful as God .

        After warning of Good angel Dr Faustus didn't understand so he thinks about the power and pleasure that will be able to enjoy by magic. Though he was warn by Good angel:

" O , Faustus, lay that demandable book aside,

  And gaze not on it , lest it tempt thy soul,

  And heap God's heavy wrath upon thy head!

  Read , read the scriptures : that is blasphemy. "

So he didn't get the things of good angel he aware him to not doing magic . So Faustus thinks about the things that he wants to doing for his country.

" I 'll have them fly to India for Gold ,

  Ransack the ocean for orient pearls,

  And search of all corners of the new -           found world ,

 For pleasant fruits and princely delicates."

   So he wants to bring Gold from India , pearls from ocean and delicious fruits from all corners of new world . He will make spirits read to him the strange philosophy and tell him the secrets of foreign kings .so he wants to make his country rich by getting more knowledge.

  So he tells valdes and cornelius that their advice to practice magic has proved effective. At that time they both encourage Faustus to doing this thing . Valdes telling about that spirit that they will bring great treasure to him from America. Sometime they will appear before him as lovely and beautiful women . So with this description of spiritual things and their power make Faustus Lusty for power and he tells cornelius and valdes to give him some magical demonstration to call up the spirit in order to enjoy these pleasure.

  Then Dr Faustus call mephistophilis. It was beginning of his fall. Though he was warned by Good angel but he didn't understand the things. So with the action of calling Evil spirit  mephistophilis his fall down starting.

  Faustus didn't afraid of the ugly shape of mephistophilis but he tells him to go back and change his shape into holy appearance.

" Go and return an old franciscan friar,

  The holy shape becomes a devil best."

  Faustus  feels very happy at the devil's compliance with his order . Faustus was pleased with mephistophilis's obedience and humanity and call himself a " conjuror laureate ". Faustus wants to mephistophilis to serve him during his whole life and to carry out all his commands. Then mephistophilis tells him that he was a servant of great lucifer and without his order he can not full fill his wish. Then mephistophilis explain about Lucifer that he was a chief ruler and commander of devil spirit. He was once an angel and dearly loved by God. He fell from heaven because of his aspiring pride and insolence.  So knowing these thing about Lucifer. Dr Faustus didn't understand the thing that he was doing wrong thing.

   Faustus asked mephistophilis to go and tell Lucifer that Faustus is willing to surrender his soul to him. On the condition that Lucifer will spare him for "TWENTY AND FOUR " years.

"  Say ,he surrenders up to him his soul ,

   So he will spare him four and twenty years. "

   Then he asked mephistophilis and put  the condition that let him live a life of passionate pleasures with you to attend on me whenever I ask you , to kill my enemies , to help my friends and always be obedient to my wishes.

" Had I as many souls as there be

  Stars , 

   I 'd give them all for mephistophilis." 

  So Dr Faustus was  a Lusty man , lust for power , lust for wealth, lust to became great than God. Because of this lust he was ready to give his soul to Lucifer. He didn't understand the thing. During the time when Faustus in his study room he thinks about the God and heaven but he try to dismiss his foolish thought from his mind . He trys to make his self strong and says himself to give up all hope from the God and put his faith in the Belzebub the devil.

  At this time his inner voice trys to show a right way to give up this magic and moving towards the God. But he didn't hear his inner voice and stars blaming to God that God doesn't love him. He was so against of God that he will ready to build an altar and a church for worship of Evil and for that he will kill new born babies in order to offer their lukewarm blood.

" Good Angel : Sweet Faustus, leave that execrable art,

   Sweet Faustus, think of heaven and heavenly things."

  So with this thing  he doesn't realise the real thing and then Good angel and Evil angel comes again. Good angel urges him to think about heaven and heavenly things and Evil angel tempts him with promise of honor and wealth by this he excites Faustus 's greed. So he didn't listen Good angel and take the side of Evil angel.

  Mephistophilis appears and tells Faustus that Lucifer has agreed to buy his soul on the condition which already put down by Faustus. Mephistophilis told Faustus to sign a bond with his blood but at  that time Faustus 's blood congealed and he can't write. At that time Faustus was puzzled. Where should he run away? But he thinks that God will not accept him. Mephistophilis immediately brings some burning coals on which Faustus dissolves his blood and complete the bond with his signature.

Faustus  recovering his self confidence and he decides not to run away .Faustus there upon reads out the terms of bond by which he will command the service of mephistophilis for twenty and four years at the end of which Lucifer will have full power to take away Faustus 's " Body And Soul , Flesh , Blood, All goods." Whenever he pleases. So Faustus ready to give his soul at the end of twenty-four years.

  Before sign the bond Faustus experience a mental conflict which shows that his conscience is neither dead nor  sleep . The congealing the of Faustus 's blood and the inscription that on his arms are also important. The congealing blood shows that as Faustus himself says his blood or his soul is unwilling that he should sign the unholy contract.

  Faustus next asks for wife because as he puts it he can't live without wife. Mephistophilis refused to get a wife for Faustus. Mephistophilis offers him an alternative namely mistress.  He promises to make available to him any woman whom he likes be she as faithful as was panel ope. Even as wise as queen of sheba. He also gives Faustus a book of magic by means of which Faustus will be able to get great power not only over human being but over the element. This book contains all the knowledge that Faustus desires to acquire.

   After few years Faustus once again shown to us experiencing a mental conflict. When he thinks of heaven, he repents of his contract with Devil. He wants repent of his sins but he finds that his sins have so hardened his heart that repentance was impossible. But he was still torn between the pleasure of magic and the desire of repentance.

  The twenty-four years of Faustus 's life of power and pleasure are now drowing to close .he realise that his end is near .Faustus 's essential humanity is drawing our attention to his genuine friendship towards the scholars who are greatly attached to him.it because of this feeling Faustus stress to use his magic power to call Helen whom beauty the scholar and Faustus like to see.

  Faustus 's inner conflict has always been going on in his mind .but he want to enjoying the power and the pleasure which this magic made available to him. He expresses a desire to have Helen as his ' paramour ' and Mephistophilis  fulfils his desire. Faustus Faustus is now in a state  of ecstasy to see Helen 's beauty.He kisses her and thinks that this kiss has  made him immortal. He would like to dedicate himself to Helen and re-enact the war of Troy in order to prove his love for her . He considered her brighter than was the ' flaming Jupiter '

  An old man urges Faustus to repentance but Faustus derives him away and again exclaims rapturously about Helen 's beauty but time was  growing short , Faustus tells scholars about his pact and horror stricken and tell him to pray for him. On the final night before the expiration of the twenty and four years. Faustus was overcome by fear and remorse and he starts to beg for mercy but it was too late for him but he urges for repentance.

" Stand still, you ever -moving spheres of heaven,

  That time may cease, and midnight never come ;

  Fair Nature 's eye, rise, rise again,  and make

  Perpetual day; or let this hour be but

  A year , a month, a week , a natural day,

  That Faustus may repent and save his soul."

 Faustus want to save his soul .He want to repent for his sin .twenty and four years were completed and it was a time when Mephistophilis take his soul into hell .he says that he want this hour change into year , a month , a week and at least a single natural day for his repentance and save his soul. He told that he want to drown up like foggy mist. Mountain and hills fall on him and hide him from heavy wrath of heaven.

  " It strikes , It strikes ! Now , body turn to air ,

   Or Lucifer will bear thee quick to he'll !

   O , soul be Chang'd into small water drops,

And fall into the ocean , ne'er be found! "

   He was ready to live in a hell for thousand and hundreds thousand years if at last he will be save . He want to turn into small water drops and fall into the ocean that will never be found. He can't repent because it was too late and at the mid night a host appeared  and carried his soul to hell. So he meet tragical death.

● Conclusion  :

        Faustus was a tragic hero and he presents himself. In the play is solid evidence for this. He was a man of action who was responsible for his own tragical death. He many times warned by Good angel and old man but he never realise that he moving towards wrong and devilsh path which ultimately give him pain but he was so Lusty for getting power and wealth and want to become superior as God. So with this lust leads him towards his tragical end of his life .so we can say that Faustus was a man of action  with his wrong actions leads him towards his tragical fall.

Work sited : 

Dr Faustus : original text