Thinking activity on : Structuralism by Gérard Genette

           Structuralism : Gerard Genette 


Here is My answer related with the task. To open task link click Here.

● Being a structuralist critic, how would you analyse literary text or TV serial or Film? You can select any image or TV serial or film or literary text or advertisement. Apply structuralist method and post your write up on your blog.

Ans : 

Structuralism : 

    It is a approach to analysing the narrative Material by examining the underlying invariant structure. This is in fact exactly what structuralism is about structuralist theorist are interested in identifying and analysing the structure that underlie all the cultural phenomenon. 

     Structuralist got the notion that everything could be analysed in the terms of deep structure from linguistic Ferdinand Saussure,  Gerard Genette. They found the basic structure in every work. It is like human structure of body that all human being have same inside structure of body. So this can also apply into the literature that it has also their basic common structure which can found every literary forms.

1) Languge , Langue , Parole 

2) Sign , Signifier , Signified 

3) Dachronic vs Synchronic 

● As a structuralist I found here the similar structure in the movies : 

1) suspense 

2) Thriller 

1)  Drishyam : 

            This is one of the best suspense movie in Bollywood. It is directed by Nishikant kamat and Produced by Abhishek Pathak. It is the fascinating story that every moment you are forced to think that what will happen next. It is full of suspense and thrillar movie. It is the one of the best movie which I have ever seen. It has no any mistake in direction.  
         In this movie AJay Devgan is  illiterate person who only 4th pass but this thing can't decide that he is not intelligent person which Tabu ( police officer ) believe that he is illiterate and not much intelligent but later on she realise that he is more intelligent person beyond her thinking. So intelligence is not bases on which degree you have or how much you studied it can't decide your intelligency. So Ajay Devgan  is more Family center rather than believe in law and crime. He protect his family into this situation and he become successful. 

2) Special 26 : 

       It is also Bollywood thriller movie directed by Neeraj Pandey and produced by Kumar Margat and Shital Bhatia. It is must watch movie for everyone with decent comedy and an ultimate twist at the end. It is engages the audience till the end.it is a mixture of suspense and thriller. This movie based on 1987 Opera house heist where a group of posing as CBI officer executed an income tax raid on the jewellery shop in Mumbai .

● Fake Is Real And Real Is Fake : 

    So in this movie " Special Fake 26 " things or person seems as Real and Real things or person seems as Fake. The Fake CBI officers behaving as Real officers and they have more confidant then Real officer. On other hand Real officer has introduced himself that they are Real CBI officer. We can see this thing when he says " Hum CBI se hai asli Vale ".  So they have to clarifying themselves by saying that they are Real. In other hand the Fake CBI officers never clarify that they are Real in opposite that they slept the other officer or businessmen .

    In the interview of celecting people for income tax raid by Fake CBI officers people who giving interview they believed that they are Real CBI officers and in front of them they told about patrioticism and removing corruption  from India. But they never know that these people are Fake CBI officers.

● Police / CBI  :    So in both movies police is as a sign who Signified as protector. But in both movie it seems to failed. In Drashyam movie police is failed to searching to the criminal or failed to prove the crime which is done by criminal. In the second movie special 26 police/ CBI officer is again failed to protect the jewellery shop from the thief 's gang and not caught them.  

● Significance of ' FIRE ' and ' ICE ' in the both poems : 1) Fire and Ice by Robert Frost and 2) Ice and Fire by Edmund Spenser.

 Ans : 

 1) Fire and Ice by Robert Frost : 

2) Ice and Fire by Edmund Spenser : 

      

 So in this both of poem their are common thing told which is Fire and Ice and we can see this thing as many ways like fire is a symbol of passion and Ice is a symbol of careless. Also Fire and Ice is symbol of the seasons of summer and winter. Also one is a symbol of anger and another is symbol of  calmness. 
      There is another thing is both are dangerous. Both have strength burn the thing and make anything lifeless. So they can't go together as this thing shows in this poems that in presence of fire ice can't dissolves and in the presence of ice make fire more heatable.

Thinking Activity on Northrop Frye : The Archetypes of Literature

Thinking Activity on Archetypes of Literature by Northrop Frye : 

1) What is Archetypal Criticism ? What does the Archetypal  Critic do?

 Ans :
      Archetypal means "Original form". It refers to universal symbols,  theme , character, images. It repeated throughout literature. It is a term in which Frye 's archetypal criticism strictly categorise works based on their genres which determine how on archetype is to be interpreted in a text .
      Archetypal Critic would suggest that all human experience is connected through literature and this experience is expressed again and again by using the same pattern throughout time and space. There are some universal truths that we can learn by reading .

2)What is Frye trying to prove by giving an analogy of ' Physics to Nature ' and ' Criticism to Literature'.

Ans : 
     In this Frye compare the both Physics to Nature and Criticism to Literature. The Physics is deep study of Nature but it called physics not Nature  though it is based on the Nature only but it called physics.In the same manner In the literature we are not learn the literature but we learn to understand literature,  how to read and how to criticise literature so we are not Learn literature but criticise literature. So it is the criticism of literature. So Literature is equall to Nature and Physics is equall to Criticism.

3) Share your views of criticism as an organised body of knowledge. Mention relation of literature with history and philosophy.

Ans :
   Criticism is as an organised body of knowledge. So it is progressive way of Literature. But Literature never organised it should free from it for the progress of Literature. It definitely deeply connected with the History and Philosophy both are important pillars  of Literature. The History connected with the myths and Philosophy connected with Morality and ethics. History stands for events and Philosophy is stands for idea.

4) Briefly explain Indicative method with illustrations of Shakespeare 's Hamlet 's Grave Digger 's scene.

Ans:
   Inductive method is method of reasoning which works from specific to general. In the Shakespeare 's Hamlet the grave digger scene is the example of it. It is specific scene which lead us toward general things.
   In this shows about blind faith in the religion Some buried rules of Christianity. In this Ophelia 's death is centre whether her death is nature and accident or suicide. According Christian religion suicide victims not normally buried in churchyard in those days.
  The second thing is the about the gravediggers that they are not effected   by the death of others because it is their rutin work. They have  romanticize relationship with their jobs. It is manifestations of the absolute integrity of gravediggers. So In this we come to general observations: corruption in society, their own worth and equality of all human kind , concept of death : Humanbeing is Mortal , blind faith about death and Hamlet ready Die for his love and ready for fighting with Laertes. So with the Specific scene we come to the general illustrations.

5) Briefly explain Deductive Method with reference to an analogy to music , painting, rhythm and pattern. Give example of outcome of  Deductive Method.

Ans :
   In the Deductive Method it come from general to specific or particular observations. In this Music has rhyme and Painting has patterns. Both are connected while listening the music at the first time we can't understand but when we start to understand the words we image a picture in the mind by this imagination we understand the things. As the same thing happens while reading literature we image the things through the imagination it helps us to understand the literature. So music , rhythm, painting, pattern so it helps to understand the literature.

6) Refer to the Indian seasonal grid ( below) If you can, please  read small Gujrati or Hindi poem from Archetypal approach and apply India seasonal grid in the interpretation.

Ans : 
     Here is one poem which about Nature : spring poem : 
Hindi Poems on Nature – मौसम बसंत का

लो आ गया फिर से हँसी मौसम बसंत का
शुरुआत है बस ये निष्ठुर जाड़े के अंत का
गर्मी तो अभी दूर है वर्षा ना आएगी
फूलों की महक हर दिशा में फ़ैल जाएगी
पेड़ों में नई पत्तियाँ इठला के फूटेंगी
प्रेम की खातिर सभी सीमाएं टूटेंगी
सरसों के पीले खेत ऐसे लहलहाएंगे
सुख के पल जैसे अब कहीं ना जाएंगे
आकाश में उड़ती हुई पतंग ये कहे
डोरी से मेरा मेल है आदि अनंत का
लो आ गया फिर से हँसी मौसम बसंत का
शुरुआत है बस ये निष्ठुर जाड़े के अंत का
ज्ञान की देवी को भी मौसम है ये पसंद
वातवरण में गूंजते है उनकी स्तुति के छंद
स्वर गूंजता है जब मधुर वीणा की तान का
भाग्य ही खुल जाता है हर इक इंसान का
माता के श्वेत वस्त्र यही तो कामना करें
विश्व में इस ऋतु के जैसी सुख शांति रहे
जिसपे भी हो जाए माँ सरस्वती की कृपा
चेहरे पे ओज आ जाता है जैसे एक संत का
लो आ गया फिर से हँसी मौसम बसंत का
शुरुआत है बस ये निष्ठुर जाड़े के अंत का 
   
   So in this poem talks about the spring season. What the changes comes of spring also talks about the flowers and tress , kite festival and also many things which comes when spring comes and people feels new life and feeling happy when spring comes. It also talks about that what  changes comes at this season.

The Figurative Language : I.A.Richard

 

     I.A. Richard 's Practical criticism written in 1929.He experiments on the students to gave them poems without their title and author 's name. He gave suggestions, comments and interpretation. His criticism gave new path to litrary criticism.

      Instead of impressionistic criticism  it became factual and science. In his Matgodology a lot of importance is given to the "words".

        He believed that poet writes to communicated and language is become a way of communication. Language is made of words. A study of word is all important. If we are to understand the meaning of art.words carry four kinds of meaning :

1.Sense : The items reffred by a writer.

2.Feelings : Feeling refers to emotions. Emotional attitude, will, attitude, desire, pleasure, displeasure.

3.Tone: Tone is writers attitude to his readers or audience.

4.Intention : It is writers aim which may be conscious or unconscious. It refres to the effect that he tries to produced.

● Two use of language:

1. Scientific use

2. Emotive use

   In this scientific use of language is usually matter of fact. All the activies covers by this use require undistorted references and absence of fiction. In this use of language true or false. This reference should be correct and logical.

    In this emotive language truth and logical argument not necessary. In this referential use of language by butterfly or cloud etc.

● Four types of misunderstanding :

1) Misunderstanding of sense of poetry  (careless, intuitive reading )
2) Over -literal reading -Prosaic reading.
3) Defective scholarship - inappropriate metaphor
4) Difference in meaning of words in prose and poetry.

Kala Chashma from Baar Baar Dekho: 

      It is a new version of superhit Punjabi song “Tenu Kala Chasma Jachda Hai”. The song is recreated by popular rapper Badshah and features vocals by Amar Arshi & Neha Kakkar.





तेनू कला चश्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते
तेनू कला चश्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा एह गोरे मुखड़े ते

सड़को पे चले
जब लड़कों के दिलों में
तू आग लगा दे बेबी फिरे
नकली सी नखरे तू करें
जब देखे हूमें झूती लाइयर!

कला कला चश्मा जज्दा तेरे मुखड़े पे
जैसा कला तिल जचता है तेरे चीन पे
अपनी अदाओं से ज़्यादा नही तो
दस बारे लड़के तो
मार ही देती होगी दिन में

तुझ जैसे छातिस फिरते है
मेरे वरगी और ना होनी वे
वरगी और ना होनी वे

तू मुंडा बिलखुल देसी है
मैं कटरीना तो सोहनी वे

हाए मैं फेड उप हो गया मुंडेया 2
सुन्न सुन्न के तेरे दुख दे वे

मैनउ कला चश्मा
हो मैनउ कला कला कला..
हो मैनउ कला चश्मा जज्ता आए
जाच दा है गोरे मुखड़े ते
मैनउ कला चश्मा जज्ता आए
जाच दा है गोरे मुखड़े ते

 सडको पे चले
जब लड़कों के दिलों में
तू आग लगा दे बेबी फिरे

ओ मैनउ ओ मैनउ..
नकली सी नखरे तू करें
जब देखे हूमें झूती लाइयर

हो मैनउ कला चश्मा
ओ मैनउ कला काला चश्मा
आए कला चाछमा
ओ कला कला कला कला..

कला चश्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते
तेनू कला चस्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते

मैनउ कला चश्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते
तेनू कला चस्मा जाच दा आए
जचड़ा आए गोरे मुखड़े ते
 
 ● Misunderstanding in the language :
         
        So in this song lover talking about his beloved beauty. Lover says that the balck glasses is looking nice on her face.But it is not true that black glasses only looking nice on fair face. In this lover compare the  mole which is on her face is like stain on the Moon. So he compare mole with stain and Moon with her beautiful face.

       In the line "सडको पे चले जब लड़कों के दिलों में
तू आग लगा दे " So in this line talking about that she puts boys hearts on fire. So how it can be possible that she can put fire on the boys heart. It is impossible thing.

     In the next lines " अपनी अदाओं से ज़्यादा नही तो
दस बारे लड़के तो मार ही देती होगी दिन में ". In this talking about that with her style she must kill at least 10 or 12 boys in a day. It is so ridicules how it can be possible that girl kills 10 or 12 boys in a day with her style.
 
      So this thing make us to  misunderstanding the song. With the non believeable thing like put fire on hearts and killing boys with her style. So it is meaningless and useless song. It is only entertainment at all.
   
   

Thinking activity on Frankenstein

●Thiking activity on Frankenstein : 

1) What are some major difference between Movie and the Novel Frankenstein?   

Answer : 

           The Major difference between Movie and Novel is : 

 ● In the novel the Monster wants revenge on all the society because of his condition that people consider him different because of he is ugly and dangerous person for others.While in the movie Monster only wants revenge from Victor and his family.

 ● In the novel Henry was friend of Victor since childhood. But in the Movie he meet Victor at University. 

 ● In the novel Victor destroy the female Monster before he finished it but in the Movie female monster killing her self. 

  

2) Did this Movie helps you in understanding the plot of the novel ? 

Answer :  

        Yes , this movie definitely help me to understand the whole plot.This movie includes the whole things which describes in novel and presenting very appropriately. Because of this thing I find interest in this novel by watching this movie. 

3) Who you think is real Monster? 

Answer:

     I think Victor is the real monster. Because of his pride of knowledg ,his selfishness and craving of knowledge. He wants to creating life from inanimate body parts. Though he was warned many times by professor. After creating monster he neglected from his parental duty to protect him and to teach him morality. He leaving him alone and he doesn't care about it .The Monster not possess the quality of Monster but the society and unresponsible Victor make him Monster. Victor was selfish , neglected his duty towards his creation and his excessive pride of knowledge make him the real monster of this novel in the real sense. 

4) From where Mary shelley get idea of this novel Frankenstein ? 

Answer :

     Mary shelley get this idea in the preface of 1831 addition of novel shelley wrote that the idea first came to her in the summer of 1816 where she stayed in a manor on Lake Geneva with her future husband Percy Bysshe Shelley and the writers Lord Byron and John Polidori. Byron suggested that each of them write ghost story. So she get first idea of novel Frankenstein.

5) Do you think that the search of knowledge is dangerous and destructive?  

Answer :

       Yes, when you have used the knowledge in wrong way so it becomes dangerous and destructive. For example Victor has Knowledge but he uses the knowledge in the wrong way by creating a Monster. Though he was warn by the professor.Because of the wrong use of knowledge ultimately responsible for the death of his family members and himself also. So this way search of knowledge is dangerous and destructive. 

6) What are some myths used by Mary shelley in the Frankenstein?  

Answer : In Mary shelley 's Frankenstein there are three myths used by Mary shelley:

  1) The myth of Narcissism 

  2) The myth of Prometheus 

  3) The myth from bibal 

7) write about the Narratology of Frankenstein. 

  

Answer :

  Frankenstein is written from frame narrative technique. It means the story  with in the story. First the captain Walton writing letters to his sister about his adventure. Then second the Frankenstein meets Walton and tells his story to Walton. The third is the Monster tells his adventure story to Victor. So it is story with in the story with different narrative perspective of Victor and Monster. 

Psychological analysis of Frankenstein

●Psychological analysis of Frankenstein : 

● Introduction : 

Mary shelley 's Frankenstein is an entertaining novel. It is a mental development of each of characters through out the story. The best way to display such a psychological process is to compare events and thoughts. 

    

● Sigmund Freud theory : 

Sigmund Freud theory is bases on the three Id , Ego, Super-Ego.

1) Id:  Id is shows through primitive action of certain characters those that involve little judgement and rely on instinct rather than informed decision.       

 

2)  Ego : The Ego can be observed through basic thoughts and decisions that made without the influence of conscience. 

3) Super - Ego :  The Super -Ego is in fact conscious thought itself often it characrist by the guit or other feelings that comes as a result of Id and Ego. 

    

● Psychological analysis of Frankenstein :  

                   

1) Id : 

        Id is most commonly applied to instinctual action. Id is probably the least prevalent of the three in Frankenstein. It plays a major role in shaping the characters most specially Frankenstein 's monster.

      The Monster finds himself satisfying his Id by teaching himself the basic mens of living and human actions. These skills gives him what he needs to live and obtain his necessities. Id is associated with primitive inhuman desires. Frankenstein 's Monster takes on bestial and primitive image.

2) Ego :

      Ego is applied to the organized and realistic part of character 's mentality and unlike Id requires judgement and next level thinking.

      Victor Frankenstein 's willing development into a scientifically learned being. He wants to creating life from inanimate body parts.it shows the more advanced and yet still some what surface. Through the process of and Ego influenced being.

      Additionally Frankenstein 's Ego that distance him from his family and friends. At this point he has capacity to make decisions and act on them but he not consider or feel what might come out from it.

3) Super -Ego : 

        Victor 's Ego soon turns into Super - Ego as the consequences of his actions become visible. The Super - Ego plays the moral role three and it allowing for emotional comprehension of the events that unfolds.

 ● Guilt : 

    Guilt seems to be common thread between the Super - Ego of Frankenstein and his Monster.

      After completing his creation victor couldn't accept his own creation Victor can't love Monster and so he hated him and later on it turns into guilt and wants to kill Monster. He fails to take his responsibilities and starting hated him and by killing him he wants to hide his mistake.

    Victor is suffers with guilt upon realizing that his creation is responsible for the death of his father , brother, friend and wife. He even seeks a temporary release from the guilt in isolation and appreciation of nature.

     The Monster finds himself in very similar situation facing guilt of actually killing the once that Frankenstein loved. The Mental punishment of guilt plays a large role in forming the Super -Ego of both protagonist and antagonist.

 

●Conclusion : 

   

    So Id characterizes the Monster 's initial struggle from survival within and unfamiliar world. Ego is played out by Frankenstein 's obsession with biological science and later creation of Monster. Super -Ego is also adds the ethical and emotionally conscious element. So Freud 's model of psyche almost perfectly outline the basic psychological activities with in and between the characters of Frankenstein.

      

Thinking activity on T.S.Eliot : Traditional and Individual Talent

1) How would you like to explain Eliot 's concept of tradition ? Do you agree with it ?               
 Answer :  I agree with T.S.Eliot 's concept of tradition . He is not just following customs of given tradition but much more than that. He is not believed in slavish imitation of his tradition. Eliot thinks this thing in a  positive way and says that The countries  and Nations try to preserve their tradition as something  heritage as something which is essential part of their culture and necessarily has to be handed down from generation to generation. So poet has to write with awareness of litrary tradition of his nation.He should not merely imitate that tradition. Eliot also says that 'The writer writes with history in his bones." So Eliot sees tradition in very positive way rather than negative way. So we have to learn Good things from tradition and not repeat the Bad or Negative things. So If we do this we can make better present.   
                                       
 2) what do you understand by historical sense ? ( use these quotes to explain your understanding )

 Answer :
                 
"The  Historical sense involves a perception not only of the pastness of past but of its presence "      

                It means that tradition is not that is dead but somthing that is already living .it not gives important to pastness of past but it gives more important to present of past. It helps to make better present with the help of good things of past and learn from bad or Negative things and not repeat that in the present.       
              
      " This historical sense ,which is timeless as well as of temporal and of the timeless and temporal together is what makes writer traditional ."         

            In timeless which means  that History does not have any past or present and temporal which means that it exist even today in present time . So poet has to develop a critical judgement of great authors of past and   shift good one from bad . So shift ordinary to grate. With this things it makes writer traditional.
                    
3) What is a relationship between " Tradition " and "The Individual talent " according to T.S.Eliot?   
    
Answer : According to T.S.Eliot  Individual talent can't cut from tradition. They both connected with each other. Poet or writer must have knowledge of all the great writers of their tradition. It is also not inherited you must obtain it by grate labour.           

 4) Explain " Some can absorb knowledge the more tardy must sweat for it Shakespeare acquire more essential history from plutarch than most men could from the whole British museum "   
                     
Answer :  Eliot demands first wide reading but  here give a example of Shakespeare that in his biography there is no mention that Shakespeare went to any university. He not know other languages than English. He was not highly educated person but he has wide knowledge of entire cross section of character, themes, ideas in his works. Shakespeare has absorbed his age so he seems to absorbed and lived through his age and absorbed his age. Shakespeare not made any effort about it.That is called perfect individual talent that Shakespeare possessed.
                       
5) Explain :" Honest criticism and sensitive appreciation is direct not upon poet but upon poetry. 
       
 Answer :  In this he trys to explain honest criticism and appreciation. In this critic should appreciate the work without any prejudice and personal view. Criticism should only poetry but not poet. If we like any work it because of its quality of work. We like the work of art not the artist. We should criticise the work itself not artist personal
                 
                    
6) How would you like to explain Eliot 's theory of Depersonalization?  You can explain with the help of chemical reaction in presence of catalyst agent Platinum.    

 
            
Answer : Eliot trys to bring the elements of science into humanities and arts. In the theory of Depersonalization. In this the laboratory formation of sulfuric acid which is H2SO4. In this require sulfur trioxide and water and Platinum. Platinum has to be there in reaction otherwise it will not formed. So  the platinum is plays very important part in this process but it is not found in the product itself. So this is also connect with creative mind of poet. Which played important part to create poetry but not present only his feeling and emotions are present into his poetry. So it is like Platinum. 

     
7) Explain " Poetry is not turning to loose of Emotions but an escape from emotion it is not the expression of personality but escape from personality. " 

Answer :  it means that poet writes poetry to escape from his emotions of his life which he faces and suffers .By expresses his emotions it gIves him pleasure. This thing convert himself into poet .
                   
8) write two points on which one can write critique on T.S.Eliot as a critic.                                   
Answer : The two point as my point of view that one can write critique on T. S. Eliot as a critic :         
 1) "Poetry is not turning to loose of Emotions but an escape from emotion it is not the expression of personality but escape from personality. "           
  2) Tradition is matter of much wider significance it can't be inherited and of you want it you must obtain it by grate labour.

Mathew Arnold : Thinking activity

Q: 1 write about the one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find interesting and relevant in our time. 

Answer : 'A study of poetry ' is a critical essay by Mathew Arnold.  In this he criticises upon Art of poetry and Art of Criticism. He gives definition of poetry that " Poetry is the criticism of life " . It is true that poet is critic of life and after criticising the life he became a poet .  So this thing is also relevant and true that poet is critic of life .
    He also discussed the idea of disinterested or detachment. It is interesting also relevant in our time. Mathew Arnold says about the first principle of criticism is the Disinterested and Detachment .Disinterested on the part of the critic implies freedom from all the prejudice, personal and historical. So the work of literature should be criticise or judged as the independent work rather than considering its effects on author or the reader. It should be free from all the prejudice either it historical or personal. It is very important thing for the fair judgement for the critic.

Q: 2 ) writer about one idea of Mathew Arnold which you find out of date and irrelevant in our time.

Answer :  Mathew Arnold 's idea about " Touch - Stone  Method "  is out of date and irrelevant in our time. Because it providing comparison and analysis as the two primary tools for judging individual poet by comparing with the old authors . It is not fair thing because of the time and situations are keep changing on. May be the literature written in the old times is  right according to the situation and the time of that era but now it is not appropriate to comparison with the current literature or literary writer with the old literature or writer. Because the situation is changed. You not passing judgement on the bases of comparison with others.In the other way you ignored or not give much importance to their individual talents. It is not appropriate way to give any judgement which is based on the comparison with others.

Thinking activity on wordsworth preface

● What is the basic difference between the poetic creed of " Classicism " and " Romanticism " ?

Answer : The basic difference between poetic creed of classicism and Romanticism :
 •  Classical writers were believed in intellectual but the Romantics writers were believed in imagination. They shift from intellect to imagination.
 •  Classical poets were followed classical masters like Plato , Aristotle,  Socrates but Romantics poets were followed medieval poets and writers.
 •  Romantic writers Were not believed any kind of restrictions but they believed in liberty and Freedom of emotions and imagination but classical writers believed in restrictions.
 •  In Classical works city or urban life represented where as in Romantic works rustic life and country side glorious life represented.
 • Classical writers were believed in objective and Romantic writers believed in subjective.
     So these are the basic difference of both writers . They have different approaches for life and different way to looking work. So they are two different ideology. They different for each other in techniques of writing and subject they choose.

● Why does wordsworth say what is poet rather than who is poet ?

Answer : wordsworth say what is poet rather than who is poet because he focus upon the role of poet.  A poet has a grater knowledge of human nature,  lively sensibility , used the words quite platonic and comprehensive soul . Poet creates the things which is not exist in the world. He habitually creates situation and passions where they do not exist . Poet is a human being which is far better and different than ordinary people.

● What is a poetic Diction?  Which poetic Diction is suggested by wordsworth in his preface? 

Answer :  Poetic Diction is a one kind of language used in poetry. It is unique style.wordsworth used the language which is "really used by men ".  He was talking about Humbel and rustic life men .there 's emotions are genuine.  So wordsworth suggested simple language which is used my men in day to day life . Specially the language of rustic people.


● What is a poetry?  

Answer :  wordsworth gives definition of poetry  :
 
    " Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings it takes origin from emotion recollected in tranquillity. "

     So poetry gives happiness and it related with human emotions and recollecting nature and recollection in tranquillity.


● Discuss ' Daffodils' I wondered lonely as a cloud with reference to wordsworth poetic creed.

Answer :  Wordsworth 's definition of poetry is related to one of his famous poem " Daffodils" . It is in four stanzas and first three stanzas are written the past tense and last one is in present tense. So he recollecting nature in the last stanza. It is also gives happiness which means the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. It is also recollecting the emotions in tranquillity in the last stanza. It gives happiness to poet by recollecting the nature. 

Presentation Of Indian writing in English : Shri Aurobindo 's Views on Education

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Pehredar piya ki progressive or regressive

Pehredar piya ki progressive or Regressive :

               Pehredar  piya ki  it is quite different theme than other serials.It is about 10 years old (Ratan)and 18 years old  (Diya).
                 I am not take side of anything because I believe that every coin has two sides it depends on the person what he want to see. Because of in this serial a girl is protect a boy we can't say it regressive. It shows the power of woman and also shows that boys have not only right to protecting a girl .A girl can also protect a boy .
                The other thing is that this show is showing child marriage.  But we can't say that it is a child marriage because both of them are not child.beacuse Diya is young girl and Ratan is child.
      I think we have not right to banned this serial but  people should teach their child what is right and what is wrong. To banned anything is not a solution of  any problem. We educated people not started banning of anything. If we not like anything that's not mean that we banned it.Think about that sometimes we not like some person so what ?should we banned them ? We have to start facing the reality of  life .

Assignment of Literary Theory and Criticism western :1 : Aristotlelian Tragedy

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Paper -3: Literary Theory and Criticism western :1

Prepared by : Gohil Jyotiba M.

Roll No : 18

Assignment  Topic -  Aristotlelian Tragedy 

M.A (English) : Sem -1

Enrollment No: 2069108420180016

Batch : 2017-19

Email  ID : jyotibagohil96@gmail.com

Submitted to : Smt .S. B Gardi , Department of English, MK Bhavnagar University. 

● Aristotlelian Tragedy : 

 ● About Aristotle :

    Aristotle is a towering figure in ancient Greek philosophy, making contributions to logic, metaphysics, mathematics, physics, biology, botany, ethics, politics, agriculture, medicine, dance and theatre. He was a student of Plato who in turn studied under Socrates. He was more empirically-minded than Plato or Socrates and is famous for rejecting Plato's theory of forms.

      As a prolific writer and polymath, Aristotle radically transformed most, if not all, areas of knowledge he touched. It is no wonder that Aquinas referred to him simply as "The Philosopher." In his lifetime, Aristotle wrote as many as 200 treatises, of which only 31 survive. Unfortunately for us, these works are in the form of lecture notes and draft manuscripts never intended for general readership, so they do not demonstrate his reputed polished prose style which attracted many great followers, including the Roman Cicero. Aristotle was the first to classify areas of human knowledge into distinct disciplines such as mathematics, biology, and ethics.

      Aristotle famously rejected Plato’s theory of forms, which states that properties such as beauty are abstract universal entities that exist independent of the objects themselves. Instead, he argued that forms are intrinsic to the objects and cannot exist apart from them, and so must be studied in relation to them.

      ● Definition of Tragedy : 

                   " Tragedy is an imitation of an action  that is serious , complete and of a certain magnitude , in a  language embellished with each kind of artistic ornaments , the serval kinds bring found in separate parts of the play , in the form of action not of narrative, though pity and fear effecting the proper purgation catharsis of these and similar emotions. "

 ● Nature and function of Tragedy :

  This is a definition of tragedy. Every word of it is a pregnant meaning. Each word from it can be elaborated into a separate essay.

* Representative of life : 

      All art is representation or imitation of life , but it can't represent life in its whole. So in this artist has to be selecting in representation. He must choose best part of life. Every literature are represting life one or another way but it should be not whole part of life it should be selective and best part represting in literature.

* Action :

     In this action includes of all human activities including deeds , thoughts , feelings so in it includes every emotions and feeling. Soliloquy and chorus are also a part of action in tragedy. They make play understandable to audience. In tragedy action is the most important part .

* serious side of life : 

     Tragedy it self represting serious side of life.The writers of tragedy seeks to imitate the serious side of life. Just as a writer of comedy seeks to imitate only the superficial and shallow side. So writer of tragedy imitate serious side of life .

*  complete action : 

   In tragedy the tragic  section presented on the stage in drama or play should be completed or contained with a beginning , middle and an end . In a beginning is that before which the audience or reader doesn't need to be told anything to understand the story. If something more is required to understand the story than the beginning gives,  it is unsatisfactory.  It should be followed the middle. In their turn the events from the middle lead to the end . Thus , the  story becomes a compact.

   In the tragedy nothing that is unnecessary.  Every episode, Every character and dialogue in the play must carry step by step.  It should connected with logical. It must give the impression of wholeness at the end.

* certain magnitude :

   The play must have magnitude in a proper size or a reasonable length such as the mind may comprehended fully . It should not longer than about three hours or shorter than that longer duration may tire our patience and shorter doesn't make effective representations.

* language : 

  In the play language is important part . Language employed duly embellished and beautified with various artistic ornaments as for example rhythm , rhyme , harmony and songs and figurative speech.  In the tragedy the language of our daily use is not useful in tragedy because tragedy has to presented heightened picture of life 's serious side. So it is impossible if elevated language of poetry is used. According to need writer makes use of song , poetry , poetic language  and dialogues.

* Form of action not narration :

   In the tragedy action is most important than narration . It's manner of imitation should be action not narration as in the Epic , for it is means to be a dramatic represtation not a more story telling.  So in the tragedy action is most important part of tragedy.

*  Theory of catharsis : 

  The aim of tragedy is to shake up in the soul the impulses of pity and fear . In the tragedy most important function is catharsis.

  Meaning of catharsis :

   •  F.L. Lucas : there has been ago long controversy about Aristotle 's meaning.  He considered it as  ' Purification '  . It has been suggested that our pity and fear are purified  in the theatre by coming disinterested . It is bad to be selfishly sentimental , but it is good to pity  Othello and to fear for Hamlet .

    There is strong evidence that Catharsis means not' Purification ' but ' Purgation '. Aristotle 's  father of physician.  In Catharsis means ' purgation ' not in the modern but in the older and wider English sense which includes the partial removal of excess  ' humours '. The theory of humours is outdated in the medical science.

  The passion to be moderate are these of pity and fear.  The pity and fear to be moderated and it is important.  There can never be an excess in the pity . But there can be too much pity as an intense and helpless feeling. At the same time fear are to be moderated.  Aristotle specifically mentions 'sympathetic fear for the characters.'

      Truth of psychology as elucidated by Aristotle in his theory of Catharsis. It makes us critically aware of psychological process that contribute to the art experience of tragedy so while enjoying this experience we are not aware of these process. Pity alone would be sentimantaly and fear alone would make us cowards. But pity and fear and sympathy and terror together constitue the tragic feeling which is the most delightful though it is tearfully delightful.

● Aristotle 's six parts of tragedy :

1) Plot : 

 

                 

   Plot is the first principle of tragedy. The most important feature of tragedy so we can say that  " Plot is the soul of tragedy ". Aristotle defined plot as " The harmonious arrangement of incidents ". In this it is not the story itself but the way the incidents are presented to the audience and the structure of play . It depends on the  " cause and effect chain of action " . 

Plot 's following quality  : 

● The  plot must be whole with beginning,  middle and end . The beginning must start the cause and effect chain but it is not dependent on any outside. The middle must be caused by earlier incidents.  At the end should therefore silver the problem crated during the earliest moments.

● The plot must be complet having a unity of action.

● The plot must be of certain magnitude in both quantitatively  in length and complexity and qualitively in seriousness. Plot should be not brief .

● The plot may be either simple or complex. Complex is better than simple because simple plots have only a change of fortune. Complex plots have both ' reversal of intention ' and  ' recognition '.

● Principle of probability and necessity : The plot must deal with an action incidents and situations that is possible according to the low of probability and necessity. So there are following possibilities : Probable and possible , Probable but impossible,  improbable and possible, improbable and impossible.

 2) Character :

     

Character is the second important element of tragedy. Each of character has essential quality or nature  that is revealed in the plot .the characters  should have four important quality :

 A) Good or fine : November matter who they are but character should be good in some way.

B) Fitness of character :  The characters should be act appreciate for their gender and station in life.

C)  True to life : True to nature .

D) Consistency :  True to themselves.

E) Necessity or Probable : Character must be logically constructed according to the low of probability and necessity.

F) True to life yet more beautiful :  idealized

•  Tragic Hero : 

  1) Good man - coming to bad end . It is shocking and disturbs faith.

  2) Bad man   -  coming to good end .

  3) Bad man   - coming to bad end .

  4) Rather good man  - coming to bad end .

3) Thought : 

Thought is the important part of tragedy. Thought is the power of saying  what ever can be said and should be said at each moment of plot. Thought is the way to express the feeling towards audience.

4) Diction : 

Diction is the important for tragedy.  The use of good language make play successful.  Language is the important for any play.  It should highly oriented with each kind of artistic ornaments.

5) Melody : 

 Melody  and spectacles are accessories . Aristotle said that music has to blend with in the play appropriately. Melody and spectacles make difference between Epic and Tragedy .  Melody and spectacles should be appropriate to the theme of the play .

 6)  spectacles : 

Spectacles are also accessories of play. Spectacles played important part to make tragedy successful.  Spectacles make play interested . It should be according to theme of the play .

Conclusion : 

   So Aristotle gives a new way and definition to the tragedy.  He was  a Philosopher and looks for  ideal forms and trys to define a nature of tragedy and also define six important part of tragedy. He gives important of catharsis and Hamartia in the tragedy . Also the spectacles and melody make tragedy different from other parts of literature.  Tragedy it self a highest serious form of life .it was his view to see tragedy so latter on it also be called as " Aristotlelian Tragedy ".

Work sited : 

http://www.iep.utm.edu/aristotl/

D: \Sem 1 June 2010 \ Lit crit \ Litaray Theory & Criticism \ Unit 1 Aristotle \ Slide JVD CPR Aristotle. docx